EXPRESS: Improving the Discriminant Validation of Multi-Item Scales

The study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Sport Psychology Attitudes-Revised Form, developed to measure athletes’ attitudes toward seeking sport psychology consultation. A total of 228 athletes (M age =17.74 ± 3.57) consisting of 114 males and 114 females participated in the study. A personal information form, SPA-R, and the Attitudes Towards Seeking Psychological Help Scale Short Form were used as data collection tool. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed for the scale’s construct validity. Average variance extracted, maximum squared variance, average shared squared variance, composite reliability, and Pearson correlation values were calculated for convergent and discriminant validity. A t-test was used to check known-groups validity. Cronbach’s alpha, CR, and intraclass correlation values were calculated for reliability. DFA showed that the model fit index values of the TurkishSport Psychology Attitudes-Revised Form were at an acceptable level (χ2 /df = 1.80, CFI=.90, RMSEA=.058, SRMR=.07). According to the results conducted for convergent and discriminant validity, significant relationships were found between Sport Psychology Attitudes-Revised Form and an existing valid and reliable measurement tool. Average variance extracted, maximum squared variance, average shared squared variance, composite reliability, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were also within the acceptable limits. The analysis of known-groups validity revealed significant differences between the groups. Additionally, test–retest reliability ranged from .45 to .62. Considering all the findings, the Turkish version of Sport Psychology Attitudes-Revised Form demonstrates construct, convergent, discriminant, and known-group validities, along with reliability. Consequently, we can conclude that the Turkish version of can be used to assess athletes’ attitudes toward seeking sports psychology concultation.

Psychometric validation of the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy scale for primary and booster doses among university students: A cross-sectional study.

BackgroundThe psychometric properties of an instrument should be evaluated routinely when using different samples. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) when applied to a sample of Brazilian cancer patients.MethodsThe face, content, and construct (factorial, convergent, and discriminant) validities of the FACT-G were estimated. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted the ratio chi-square by degrees of freedom (χ2/df), the comparative fit index (CFI), the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) as indices. The invariance of the best model was assessed with multi-group analysis using the difference of chi-squares method (Δχ2). Convergent validity was assessed using Average Variance Extracted (AVE) and discriminant validity was determined via correlational analysis. Internal consistency was assessed using the Cronbach’s alpha (α) coefficient, and the Composite Reliability (CR) was estimated.ResultsA total of 975 cancer patients participated in the study, with a mean age of 53.3 (SD = 13.0) years. Of these participants, 61.5 % were women. In CFA, five correlations between errors were included to fit the FACT-G to the sample (χ2/df = 8.611, CFI = .913, TLI = .902, RMSEA = .088). The model did not indicate invariant independent samples (Δχ2: μ: p < .001, i: p < .958, Cov: p < .001, Res: p < .001). While there was adequate convergent validity for the physical well-being (AVE = .54) and social and family Well-being factors (AVE = .55), there was low convergent validity for the other factors. Reliability was adequate (CR = .76–.89 and α = .71–.82). Functional well-being, emotional well-being, and physical well-being were the factors that demonstrated a strong contribution to patients’ health-related quality of life (β = −.99, .88, and .64, respectively).ConclusionThe FACT-G was found to be a valid and reliable assessment of health-related quality of life in a Brazilian sample of patients with cancer.

BackgroundThe prevalence of prenatal common mental disorders afflicting the global community, including Ethiopia, is thriving. Therefore, a time-efficient and valid screening tool is required. This study aimed to culturally adapt and validate the self-reporting questionnaire-20 tool developed by the World Health Organization among pregnant mothers in Ethiopia.MethodsA total of 310 pregnant women completed the questionnaire at two selected health centers in the regional state of Amhara. The World Health Organization’s Self Reporting Questionnaire-20 tool was first translated into Amharic by two experts. The back translation was done by two English experts. Internal consistency and reliability were assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. Convergent and discriminant validity were assessed using composite reliability and extracted mean variance. SRQ-20 was tested for reliability and validity using principal components analysis and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sample adequacy with a cutoff value of 0.50 for each item.ResultsThe Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure (KMO = 0.733) for sample adequacy and the Bartlett’s sphericity test for the identity matrix indicated that the data were amenable to exploratory factor analysis. Principal components analysis identified six factors that explained 64% of the variation in the self-report questionnaire 20. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.817 for the entire scale and the extracted mean variance was greater than 0.5 for all factors, indicating convergent validity. The extracted mean variance, composite reliability, and factor loadings were all greater than 0.75 for all factors in this study, indicating that convergent validity was satisfactory and that discriminatory validity was also satisfied. The composite factor reliability scores ranged from 0.74 to 0.84, and the square roots of the mean variances were greater than the factor correlation scores.ConclusionThe interview-based, culturally-adapted 20-item Amharic version of the SRQ-20 tool demonstrated good cultural adaptation and was also found to be valid and reliable in the present context.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Although the EORTC QLQ-C30 and its breast-specific module (BR-23) are widely used instruments, the few reports on their psychometric characteristics from Arab and neighboring countries involved limited analyses. Our objective was to assess the psychometric characteristics of both questionnaires using the responses of a larger sample of Arab women.METHODS:Participants were consecutive clinic attendees at the Kuwait Cancer Control Center. The indices assessed were alpha coefficients, item-internal consistency (IIC), item-discriminant validity (IDV), and known-groups validity.RESULTS:The 348 women were aged 48.3 (10.3) years. The intra-class correlation for the test-retest statistic and the internal consistency values for the multi-item scales were >0.7 alpha. With the exception of the pain subscale, all items met the IIC criterion of >0.4 correlation with the corresponding scale. For IDV, the BR-23 performed better than the QLQ-C30. The scale scores discriminated between patients at different disease stages, and between sick and well populations.CONCLUSION:With the exception of the pain subscale, the Arabic version of the questionnaires is psychometrically sound.

This study aims to identify the factors that influence students' intention to plagiarize or plagiarize. To model plagiarism intention and behavior among college students, this proposed research refers to Theory Planned Behavior (TPB) by incorporating new variables of moral obligation and past behavior and using ICT literacy as part of perceived behavioral control. With a sample of 511 FKIP UNJA students, this study used a research methodology and model parameter estimation supported by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Testing the validity and reliability with the PLS Algorithm stages produces path coefficients (PLS-Algorithm). Based on the output coefficient path indicator which has a loading factor coefficient below 0.708 is dropped from the research model. After dropping indicators that do not match the criteria (&lt;0.708), all items have reached a reliable point. Construct reliability was calculated using Cronbach Alpha and Composite reliability (CR) yielded greater than (&gt;0.7) and AVE exceeded the acceptable value (&gt;0.5) and thus the questionnaire items fulfilled and ensured the reliability of the instrument. The results of the construct reliability check based on discriminant validity can be done by looking at the AVE value to show the size of the indicator variance contained by the construct. Discriminant validity criteria refer to where the AVE value limit is 0.5. The results show that all AVE values for are (&gt;0.5). In addition, the value of the square root of the AVE indicates a high discriminant validity value and can be accepted because the AVE square root value of all variable constructs is above the correlation value between the other construct values.

Background:The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) is a widely used tool for measuring perceived stress. However, the Chinese version (CPSS-10) has not yet been validated among pregnant women in mainland China. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the CPSS-10 in this population. Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in a Chinese hospital, using a convenience sample of pregnant women who were randomly categorized into two groups. The factor composition of the CPSS-10 was analyzed using exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analyses. The scale underwent additional testing to verify its convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity and internal consistency. Results: A total of 428 pregnant Chinese women participated. EFA revealed two factors; negative feelings and positive feelings, accounting for 59.869% of the variance. Item loadings ranged from 0.658 to 0.833. CFA confirmed that the two-factor model fit for the two-factor solution. Convergent validity was supported by average variance extracted (0.434–0.558), and composite reliability indicated convergent validity (0.754–0.883). Discriminant validity was established, and internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.804), while the values of both subscales varied from 0.749 to 0.881. Concurrent validity was supported by a significant negative correlation with perceived social support. Conclusion: The CPSS-10 demonstrates strong psychometric properties and is a valid and reliable tool for assessing perceived stress among pregnant women in mainland China. Its use may aid in identifying stress-related risk during pregnancy and guide timely psychological support.

The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) stands out as a widely used measure of psychological resilience. The original CD-RISC consists of 25 items, commonly referred to as CD-RISC-25. This study aims to validate the Arabic version of the CD-RISC-25 involving a sample size of 1220 participants from three universities in Jordan. The researcher conducted a methodological investigation to examine the validation process. This included an examination of the translation process and an evaluation of content validity, which was assessed using the content validity index (CVI). Construct validity was assessed through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, while convergent and discriminant validity were both evaluated using composite reliability (CR) and the square root of the average variance extracted. Results showed a prominent level of psychological resilience 76.74±15.2 among the participating university students. Regarding the validity of the Arabic version of CD-RISC-25, the CVI yielded a value of 0.88, signifying a robust level of content validity. The analysis identified four constructs that accounted for 56.26% of the total variance. The goodness-of-fit indices, including goodness of fit index of 0.91, comparative fit index of 0.91, incremental fit index of 0.93, Tucker-Lewis index of 0.94, and root mean square error of approximation of 0.048, provided strong evidence supporting the alignment between the observed data and the hypothesized constructs. Discriminant and convergent validity were found to support the validity of the Arabic version of CD-RISC-25. Regarding the reliability, it demonstrated excellent reliability, with a total Cronbach's alpha of 0.934 and all CR values surpassing the threshold of 0.70, thereby further establishing its overall robustness. The results provide substantial evidence for the validity and reliability of the translated Arabic CD-RISC-25.

Despite the potential benefits of meat alternatives for the environment and animal welfare, public skepticism remains. This study presents the development and validation of the Meat Alternatives Rejection (MAR) scale. After a pilot study (N = 510) refined the scale from fourteen to ten items, it was validated in a Swiss online survey (N = 1951) through four steps. First, exploratory factor analysis confirmed a one-factor structure with high factor loadings (0.63 to 0.80) and strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.90). Second, convergent validity was supported by Pearson correlations with related variables, along with Average Variance Extracted (AVE = 0.525) and Composite Reliability (CR = 0.917). Third, discriminant validity was explored using a Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) ratio of 0.634, indicating that the MAR scale measures a distinct construct. Lastly, MAR’s predictive validity was tested using two regression models: Model 1 (logistic regression) predicted the likelihood of being a meat alternative consumer versus nonconsumer, and Model 2 (two-step linear regression) predicted support for meat alternative marketing restrictions. In both models, the inclusion of MAR significantly improved the explained variance (Model 1:W=83.82,p < 0.001; Model 2:F(1, 1945) = 598.1,p < 0.001), with MAR outperforming other predictors (age, gender, education, meat attachment, and eco-knowledge). Overall, MAR is a robust and reliable tool for measuring consumers’ rejection of meat alternatives, demonstrating factorial, convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity. This new scale can help advance our understanding of the psychological mechanisms underlying the shift toward a more plant-based diet.

This research aims to examine organizational commitment model of private university lecturers in Indonesia, using three independent variables, namely internal marketing, job satisfaction and organizational justice. Data collection was done by survey method on 200 private university (PTS) lecturers under the Higher Education Service Institutions covering 14 regions in Indonesia. Helped by PLS (Partial Least Square), SEM (Structural Equation Model) was used to process the data collected. Accordingly, to check the validity, the measurement model was evaluated based on several reflective indicators (convergent and discriminant validity as well as composite reliability). Based on the result of discriminant and convergent validity, it is known that the whole constructs are valid as both the outer loading and AVE (Average Variance Extracted) value are &gt; 0.70, moreover, a similar good result shown in composite reliability evaluation with the value of &gt; 0.70. Finally, the results found showed that seven hypotheses, out of nine hypotheses, were proven to be true. On the other hand, for the other hypotheses, the findings showed that organizational justice and Internal marketing had no direct effect on organizational commitment. Next, it is also known that organizational justice and job satisfaction were proven to be the mediators of in the relation between internal marketing and organizational commitment.

Purpose Coaches' motivation is central to their coaching, however, few studies have examined coaches' motivation in different cultures. The aim of this study was to provide initial validation of the Portuguese version of the Coach Motivation Questionnaire. Method The participants were 369 coaches from various sports (males = 288) aged between 18 and 67 years old (M = 32.4, SD = 11.04). Confirmatory factor analysis, discriminant and nomological validity, and invariance across gender, team/individual sports and coaching experience were analysed. Results The hypothesised six-factor structure obtained acceptable values with the following robust adjustment indices: RTLI = .902; RCFI = .921; RGFI = .904 and RRMSEA (90% CI) = .066 (.058–.074). The amended model also showed high factor weights (λ ≥ .500) and appropriate individual reliabilities (λ2 ≥ .25). The instrument's internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha (.646–.898) and composite reliability (.662–.900). Regarding discriminant validity, correlations among the factors were in general according to the hypothesised patterns, where closer factors were positively related and not close factors were less strongly related. Regarding nomological validity, results supported for the hypothesised relationships through the associations with measures of motivation at work, need satisfaction and need frustration. Lastly, the measurement model met configural and metric invariance across gender and coaching experience and also met configural invariance across team/individual sports. Conclusions The evidence from this study suggests that the Portuguese Coach Motivation Questionnaire is a promising and parsimonious questionnaire to assess coaches' motivation, albeit its development remains a work in progress.

This study aims to develop a scale for measuring the effectiveness of reality-based crime shows. The dearth of study reported in the literature in this domain, particularly with reality based-crime shows. Well established CAB (Cognitive Affective Behavioral) model is taken for benchmarking. Items are developed and classified under these three constructs – cognitive, affective, and behaviour. Under cognitive construct, general awareness and causal awareness are taken as subdomains; under affective construct, emotional coping and sympathetic feelings while under behavior construct responsible, preventive, maladaptive, and novel technique seeking behavior were taken into consideration. Using the proposed questionnaire following the cross-sectional design, data is collected from 400 respondents from metro cities. Confirmatory factor analysis and reliability tests are conducted using SPSS-21 and Amos-21. Data analysis is conducted for reliability, discriminant and convergent validity. The instrument's high reliability is reported as all subdomains and constructs achieved more than recommended threshold values of Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Results also confirmed the achievement of convergent and discriminant validity. This study is limited to the young population of metro cities. Better generalization can be achieved by extending this study to a diverse set of respondents regarding demography and socioeconomic profile. This can be extended for measuring other reality shows.

The aim of this research is to describe the adaptation process and psychometric properties of the “LGBTIQ+ Themes in Literature Education” (LTiLE) scale, the first instrument aimed at measuring attitudes toward the inclusion of LGBTIQ+ content in the teaching interventions of future literature educators. The study seeks to identify empirical evidence of content, construct, convergent, and discriminant validity, as well as internal consistency reliability, and the absence of bias in assessments based on participants’ gender identity. Following the attainment of a high level of significant agreement on the quality of its content, an Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis were conducted using a random sample of 592 Spanish recent graduates from programs related to Primary and Secondary Education teacher training. Both discriminant and convergent validity estimates yielded optimal results. Nomological validity was established through gender-based score comparisons, revealing significantly more favorable scores for cisgender women and other gender identities. A similar differential item behavior based on gender and measurement invariance according to the teaching stage were observed. Internal consistency was evaluated using ordinal α, McDonald’s ω, composite reliability, and complementarily, Cronbach’s. Psychometric evidence confirms LTiLE’s validity, reliability for prospective literature educators in non-university education.

BackgroundThe Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) stands out as a widely used measure of psychological resilience. The original CD-RISC consists of 25 items, commonly referred to as CD-RISC-25.AimThis study aims to validate the Arabic version of the CD-RISC-25 involving a sample size of 1220 participants from three universities in Jordan.MethodsThe researcher conducted a methodological investigation to examine the validation process. This included an examination of the translation process and an evaluation of content validity, which was assessed using the content validity index (CVI). Construct validity was assessed through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, while convergent and discriminant validity were both evaluated using composite reliability (CR) and the square root of the average variance extracted.ResultsResults showed a prominent level of psychological resilience 76.74±15.2 among the participating university students. Regarding the validity of the Arabic version of CD-RISC-25, the CVI yielded a value of 0.88, signifying a robust level of content validity. The analysis identified four constructs that accounted for 56.26% of the total variance. The goodness-of-fit indices, including goodness of fit index of 0.91, comparative fit index of 0.91, incremental fit index of 0.93, Tucker-Lewis index of 0.94, and root mean square error of approximation of 0.048, provided strong evidence supporting the alignment between the observed data and the hypothesized constructs. Discriminant and convergent validity were found to support the validity of the Arabic version of CD-RISC-25. Regarding the reliability, it demonstrated excellent reliability, with a total Cronbach’s alpha of 0.934 and all CR values surpassing the threshold of 0.70, thereby further establishing its overall robustness.ConclusionThe results provide substantial evidence for the validity and reliability of the translated Arabic CD-RISC-25.

The purpose of this study is to examine the validity of the instrument proposed by Delamere, T. A., Wankel, L. M., & Hinch, T. D. [(2001). Development of a scale to measure resident attitudes toward the social impacts of community festivals, Part I: Item generation and purification of the measure. Event Management, 7, 11–24] and to assess the local residents' perceptions of the Foça Rock Festival, which was held in Foça, Turkey. In order to achieve the validity of the instrument, confirmatory factor analysis with LISREL 8.8 was employed, the composite reliability, the estimated percentage of variance extracted by each construct, the discriminant and convergent validity were examined. Results indicated that the local residents' perceptions have two main dimensions with five sub-factors. Furthermore, the results also suggest that these two dimensions (social benefits and social costs) can be measured by 35 items instead of using all 47 items. The collective results indicate that when convergent and discriminant validities are achieved, construct validity is supported. The results also suggest that social benefits dimension is perceived positively by the local residents. On the other hand, other important findings of this study related to the social costs of the festival are the increases in traffic congestion, pedestrian traffic, ecological damage, litter and overcrowding.