Abstract
The analysis of video compression history is one of the important issues in video forensics. It can assist forensics analysts in many ways, e.g., to determine whether a video is original or potentially tampered with, or to evaluate the real quality of a re-encoded video, etc. In the existing literature, however, there are very few works targeting videos in HEVC format (the most recent standard), especially for the issue of the detection of transcoded videos. In this paper, we propose a novel method based on the statistics of Prediction Units (PUs) to detect transcoded HEVC videos from AVC format. According to the analysis of the footprints of HEVC videos, the frequencies of PUs (whether in symmetric patterns or not) are distinguishable between original HEVC videos and transcoded ones. The reason is that previous AVC encoding disturbs the PU partition scheme of HEVC. Based on this observation, a 5D and a 25D feature set are extracted from I frames and P frames, respectively, and are combined to form the proposed 30D feature set, which is finally fed to an SVM classifier. To validate the proposed method, extensive experiments are conducted on a dataset consisting of CIF ( 352 × 288 ) and HD 720p videos with a diversity of bitrates and different encoding parameters. Experimental results show that the proposed method is very effective at detecting transcoded HEVC videos and outperforms the most recent work.
Highlights
The widespread utilization of inexpensive and portable video capture devices, such as camcorders and mobile phones, coupled with the surge in surveillance cameras, has led to a remarkable increase in the amount of digital video data
Frames, respectively, and are combined to form the proposed 30D feature set, which is fed to an Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier
A 5D and a 25D feature set are extracted from I frames and P frames, respectively, and both sets are combined to form a 30D feature vector, which is fed to an SVM classifier
Summary
The widespread utilization of inexpensive and portable video capture devices, such as camcorders and mobile phones, coupled with the surge in surveillance cameras, has led to a remarkable increase in the amount of digital video data. To make videos more appealing, video owners usually edit their videos before uploading, such as scaling, cropping, frame-deletion/insertion, etc. When a video sequence is re-encoded, only the information about the most recent coding could be obtained by parsing the bitstream; namely, the re-encoding operation overwrites the previous encoding information. A video can be disguised as any format with any encoding parameters by means of re-encoding. Old or lower quality AVC content could be re-encoded by a new video codec, such as HEVC (High-Efficiency Video Coding), as if it were of natively high quality in HEVC format.
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