Abstract
A variety of mobility challenges burdens cities globally. Driven by urbanization and a growing number of private vehicles, negative externalities such as traffic congestions, parking shortages, air pollution, and noise are intensifying. Along with producing greenhouse gases and other detrimental emissions, private car ownership is characterized by crucial inefficiency. For example, single-occupant vehicles in the United States prevail with an average operation time of 4%, resulting in high idling capacities and overcrowded highways in rush hours (U.S. Department of Transportation 2018). However, these challenges are counteracted by trends, such as access-based consumption, sustainable mobility, and millennials’ unwillingness to embrace car-oriented lifestyles, which further encourage an academic focus on alternative mobility solutions.
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