Exploring University Students' Perspectives on Acquiring General English Vocabulary Through Social Media Platforms

Navigating Social Media in #Ophthalmology

Youth Social Media Use and Health Outcomes: #diggingdeeper

Cooperative Mentorship: Negotiating Social Media Use within the Family

Spatial Patterns of Purposeful Social Networking and Socioeconomic Influences: Towards a Mature, Inclusive Networked Society in the U.S.

4.8 Psychoeducation: All About TikTok, Snapchat, and Instagram, and How Psychiatrists Leverage Social Media for Public Health

This study delves into the profound impact of social media on body image perceptions and overall dissatisfaction among young adults at Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. In today's digital age, social media pervades the lives of young people, shaping their self-perceptions and influencing their social interactions. This research aims to understand how the constant exposure to curated and often idealized images on social media platforms contributes to the development of unrealistic body standards, fostering feelings of inadequacy and pressure to conform to societal beauty ideals. Employing a quantitative research approach, the study focused on a sample of 200 undergraduate and postgraduate students aged 18 to 30 years. Data collection utilized systematic sampling techniques and involved the administration of questionnaires via Google Forms. The study drew upon Social Comparison Theory to understand how individuals evaluate their own appearance by comparing themselves to the seemingly flawless images and physiques presented on social media platforms. Data analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics. The findings revealed a significant correlation between social media usage and body image dissatisfaction among young adults. Frequent comparisons with idealized images of influencers and celebrities on social media platforms were found to be a major contributor to negative body image perceptions, leading to a range of negative emotional and psychological outcomes, including anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. These findings underscore the urgent need for interventions that address the detrimental effects of social media on young adults' mental health. This may include the development and implementation of comprehensive media literacy programs designed to equip young people with the critical thinking skills necessary to navigate the complexities of the digital world and resist the pressures to conform to unrealistic beauty standards. Furthermore, fostering a more inclusive and diverse representation of body images on social media platforms is crucial to promoting healthier body image perceptions and enhancing the overall well-being of young adults in the digital age. References Abi-Jaoude, E., Naylor, K. T., & Pignatiello, A. (2020). Smartphones, social media use and youth mental health. Cmaj, 192(6), E136-E141. Aichner, T., Grünfelder, M., Maurer, O., & Jegeni, D. (2021). Twenty-five years of social media: a review of social media applications and definitions from 1994 to 2019. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking, 24(4), 215-222. Ali, R. (2016). 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(2010). Media exposure of the ideal physique on women’s body dissatisfaction and mood: The moderating effects of ethnicity. Journal of Black Studies, 40(4), 700-716. De Vries, D. A., Vossen, H. G., & van der Kolk–van der Boom, P. (2019). Social media and body dissatisfaction: investigating the attenuating role of positive parent–adolescent relationships. Journal of youth and adolescence, 48, 527-536. Dimitrov, D., & Kroumpouzos, G. (2023). Beauty perception: a historical and contemporary review. Clinics in Dermatology, 41(1), 33-40. Lubis, A. R., Fachrizal, F., & Lubis, M. (2017). The effect of social media to cultural homecoming tradition of computer students in medan. Procedia Computer Science, 124, 423-428. Eggerstedt, M., Rhee, J., Urban, M. J., Mangahas, A., Smith, R. M., & Revenaugh, P. C. (2020). Beauty is in the eye of the follower: facial aesthetics in the age of social media. American Journal of Otolaryngology, 41(6), 102643. Fardouly, J., & Vartanian, L. R. (2016). 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Jiotsa, B., Naccache, B., Duval, M., Rocher, B., & Grall-Bronnec, M. (2021). Social media use and body image disorders: Association between frequency of comparing one’s own physical appearance to that of people being followed on social media and body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(6), 2880. Kleemans, M., Daalmans, S., Carbaat, I., & Anschütz, D. (2018). Picture perfect: The direct effect of manipulated Instagram photos on body image in adolescent girls. Media Psychology, 21(1), 93-110. Lee, H. R., Lee, H. E., Choi, J., Kim, J. H., & Han, H. L. (2014). Social media use, body image, and psychological well-being: A cross-cultural comparison of Korea and the United States. Journal of health communication, 19(12), 1343-1358. Liu, J. (2021, June). The influence of the body image presented through TikTok trend-videos and its possible reasons. In 2nd International Conference on Language, Art and Cultural Exchange (ICLACE 2021) (pp. 359-363). Atlantis Press. Nagar, I., & Virk, R. (2017). The struggle between the real and ideal: Impact of acute media exposure on body image of young Indian women. SAGE Open, 7(1), 2158244017691327. Naslund, J. A., Bondre, A., Torous, J., & Aschbrenner, K. A. (2020). Social media and mental health: benefits, risks, and opportunities for research and practice. Journal of technology in behavioral science, 5, 245-257. Nortje, A. (2020). Social Comparison: An Unavoidable Upward Or Downward Spiral. PositivePsychology.com. https://positivepsychology.com/social-comparison/ Pfeiffer, C., Kleeb, M., Mbelwa, A., & Ahorlu, C. (2014). The use of social media among adolescents in Dar es Salaam and Mtwara, Tanzania. Reproductive health matters, 22(43), 178-186. Plaisime, M., Robertson-James, C., Mejia, L., Núñez, A., Wolf, J., & Reels, S. (2020). Social media and teens: A needs assessment exploring the potential role of social media in promoting health. Social Media+ Society, 6(1), 2056305119886025. Pryde, S., & Prichard, I. (2022). TikTok on the clock but the# fitspo don’t stop: The impact of TikTok fitspiration videos on women’s body image concerns. Body image, 43, 244-252. Saghir, S., & Hyland, L. (2017). The effects of immigration and media influence on body image among Pakistani men. American Journal of Men's Health, 11(4), 930-940. Sanzari, C. M., Gorrell, S., Anderson, L. M., Reilly, E. E., Niemiec, M. A., Orloff, N. C., ... & Hormes, J. M. (2023). The impact of social media use on body image and disordered eating behaviors: Content matters more than duration of exposure. Eating behaviors, 49, 101722. Sekayi, D. (2003). Aesthetic resistance to commercial influences: The impact of the Eurocentric beauty standard on Black college women. Journal of Negro Education, 467-477. Shabir, G., Hameed, Y. M. Y., Safdar, G., & Gilani, S. M. F. S. (2014). The impact of social media on youth: A case study of bahawalpur city. Asian Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 3(4), 132-151. Siddiqui, A. (2021). Social media and its role in amplifying a certain idea of beauty. Infotheca—Journal for Digital Humanities, 21(1), 73-85. Siddiqui, S., & Singh, T. (2016). Social media its impact with positive and negative aspects. International journal of computer applications technology and research, 5(2), 71-75. Slade, P. D. (1994). What is body image?. Behaviour research and therapy. Tufail, M. W., Saleem, M., & Fatima, S. Z. (2022). Relationship of Social Media and Body Image Dissatisfaction among University Students. Pakistan Journal of Applied Psychology (PJAP), 2(1), 89-97. Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015). What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. Body image, 14, 118-129. Virden, A. L., Trujillo, A., & Predeger, E. (2014). Young adult females’ perceptions of high-risk social media behaviors: A focus-group approach. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 31(3), 133-144. Whyte, C., Thrall, A. T., & Mazanec, B. M. (Eds.). (2021). Information warfare in the age of cyber conflict. London & New York: Routledge. Yusop, F. D., & Sumari, M. (2013). The use of social media technologies among Malaysian youth. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 103, 1204-1209. Zulqarnain, W., & ul Hassan, T. (2016). Individual’s perceptions about the credibility of social media in Pakistan. Strategic Studies, 36(4), 123-137.

The increasing prevalence of social media has given rise to the Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) phenomenon, characterized by an acute awareness of the rewarding experiences others might be enjoying. FoMO is hypothesized to affect various aspects of individuals' lives, including their psychological well-being and academic performance. This study explores these relationships among university students, a demographic particularly vulnerable to social media influences. To examine the relationships between FoMO, social media use, psychological well-being (as measured by life satisfaction), and academic performance (as measured by GPA) among university students and determine the mediating roles of FoMO and social media use. A quantitative, correlational design was employed, collecting data from 521 university students through a cross-sectional survey. Participants completed the Fear of Missing Out Scale (FoMO), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and self-reported GPA. Social media use was assessed via a customized questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS, employing correlation analysis, multiple regression, and mediation analysis. Findings indicated a strong positive association between FoMO and social media use (R 2 = 0.633, p < 0.001), suggesting that higher levels of FoMO lead to increased social media engagement (B = 0.834, p < 0.001). Contrary to expectations, FoMO was positively rather than negatively correlated with life satisfaction (R 2 = 0.064, p < 0.001, B = 0.158). Additionally, a strong positive correlation was observed between social media use and academic performance (Spearman's rho = 0.765, p < 0.001). Mediation analyses revealed that FoMO does not significantly mediate the relationship between social media use and life satisfaction, as the indirect effect was not statistically significant (B = 0.0785, 95% CI: -0.0164 to 0.1467). Similarly, the non-significant indirect effect indicated that social media use did not mediate the relationship between FoMO and academic performance (B = 0.005, 95% CI: -0.0045 to 0.0146). Moderation analyses showed that FoMO moderates the relationship between social media use and life satisfaction, where social media use hurt life satisfaction at low levels of FoMO (B = -0.1713, p = 0.0001) but had a positive effect at high levels of FoMO (B = 0.2848, p < 0.0001). This suggests that individuals with high FoMO may derive psychological benefits from social media use. Additionally, results indicated that social media use moderates the relationship between FoMO and academic performance, where FoMO had a significant adverse effect on GPA at low social media use (B = -0.030, p < 0.0001). Still, this effect became non-significant at high levels of social media use (B = 0.0097, p = 0.1028). Finally, life satisfaction moderates the relationship between FoMO and social media use, with higher life satisfaction strengthening the positive association between FoMO and social media use (B = 0.9277, p < 0.0001). These findings highlight the complex interplay between FoMO, social media use, life satisfaction, and academic performance. While FoMO increases social media engagement, its positive association with life satisfaction contradicts theoretical expectations. These results underscore the importance of considering psychological and social factors when evaluating the impact of social media use among university students.

Recent studies suggest that users’ preferences of social media use differ according to their individual differences and use motives, and that these factors can lead to problematic social media use (PSMU) among a minority of users. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the influences of (i) demographics and Big Five personality dimensions on social media use motives; (ii) demographics and use motives on social media site preferences; and (iii) demographics, personality, popular social media sites, and social media use motives on PSMU. The sample comprised 1008 undergraduate students, aged between 17 and 32 years (M = 20.49, SD = 1.73; 60.5% women). The participants completed a questionnaire comprising the Social Media Use Questionnaire, Social Media Usage Aims Scale, and Ten-Item Personality Inventory. Multiple linear and hierarchical regression analyses showed that social media use motives of (i) meeting new people and socializing, (ii) expressing or presenting a more popular self, and (iii) passing time and entertainment were associated with problematic social media use. Moreover, participants that preferred Instagram, Snapchat, and Facebook reported higher scores of problematic social media use. Finally, being female, introverted, conscientious, agreeable, and neurotic were associated with PSMU. The findings offer empirical evidence for uses and gratifications theory because the findings demonstrated that (i) different personality traits predict different motives, (ii) different motives predict preference of different platforms, and (iii) different individual differences such as personality, preference of platform, and specific use motives predict PSMU.

Aim/Purpose: The main objective of this study is to explore students’ beliefs with regard to social media use (SMU) in higher education and the consequences of such use on the perception of their academic performance. Additionally, the study aims to determine the major influential factors with regard to SMU in student learning settings as a means of enhancing their performance. To achieve these objectives, drawing on the literature related to SMU in higher education settings, a research model has been developed. Background: Social media platforms have led to a significant transformation with regard to the communication landscape in higher education in terms of offering enhanced learning and improved teaching experience. Nevertheless, little is known, particularly in developing countries such as Jordan, as to whether or not the use of such platforms by students in higher education increases the perceptions of their academic performance. Therefore, this study has developed a model to examine the perceptions of higher education students with regard to social media use and its effect on their performance. Methodology: The Structural Equation Modelling approach is used to analyze data collected via an online survey in the form of a questionnaire to examine the use of such a model. The study sample is drawn from undergraduate and postgraduate students from three universities (one public and two private) in Jordan. Convenience sampling is used to collect data. Out of 730 sent questionnaire, 513 responses were received, of which 403 were deemed qualified to be part of the data analysis process. Contribution: This study contributes to the literature on social media in higher education by enhancing our understanding of the perceptions of higher education students on the use of social media in their learning. The tested model can be used as a benchmark for other studies that target the impact of social media on student performance in higher education. Findings: The results reveal that perceptions of (1) usefulness, collaborative learning, enhanced communication, enjoyment, and ease of use of social media have a positive effect on the use of such media in student learning; (2) resource sharing has an insignificant effect on social media use in student learning, and (3) social media use has a positive influence on students’ perceptions of their academic performance. Recommendations for Practitioners: Senior management and policy makers in higher education institutions will have to train faculty members on effective strategies and methods in order to effectively integrate social media into education. This would equip faculty members with the necessary digital skills needed to help them to be fully informed regarding the benefits of social media and its tools in learning and teaching activities and would also allow them to avoid any possible drawbacks. Furthermore, faculty members should reconsider their current techniques and strategies, and adopt new methods in their teaching that encourage students to use social media platforms as part of their learning. For example, they can regularly post discussions and assignments on social media platforms to inculcate the habit of using such platforms among students for educational purposes. Students, on the other hand, should be aware of the implications and potential advantageous aspects of SMU in their learning. This could be done by conducting regular workshops and seminars in the various faculties and schools at universities. Recommendation for Researchers: Researchers are encouraged to investigate additional factors that might influence the use of social media by students as well as faculty members. Specially, an emphasis should be given to identify any potential obstacles that might hinder the use of social media in higher education. Impact on Society: Social media is not only useful for socializing, but also it can be an effective educational tool that enhance students’ performance in higher education. Future Research: Although the collected data support the research model, this study is subjected to various limitations that need to be tackled by further studies. This study is based on the principles of quantitative research design. Data for this study was collected via survey questionnaires. Accordingly, future studies may consider a qualitative research design in order to uncover additional factors that may impact the use of social media on the part of higher education students. This would allow researchers to generate in-depth insights and a holistic understanding of SMU by higher education students. A convenience sampling method was employed to select respondents for this study. The respondents who participated in this study were from three universities (one public and two private) in Jordan. Accordingly, future research is deemed to be necessary to achieve a degree of generalizability regarding the findings of this study.

Background:Today, social media platforms are more popular than ever in Saudi Arabia. Despite the influence of social media on patients’ decisions to undergo cosmetic surgery, it is still unclear how social media platforms affect the private practice of plastic surgeons around Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to assess Saudi plastic surgeons’ use of social media and its impact on their practices.Methods:The study was based on a self-administered questionnaire that was built on previous literature and distributed to practicing Saudi plastic surgeons. A survey consisting of 12 items was conducted to assess patterns of social media use and its impact on plastic surgery practice.Results:This study included 61 participants. Thirty-four surgeons (55.7%) were using social media platforms in their practice. The use of social media was significantly different among surgeons with different levels of practice in cosmetic surgery (P = 0.004) and reconstructive surgery (P = 0.049). Social media presence was significantly more prevalent among surgeons in private practice (70.6%, P = 0.034). The use of social media in plastic surgery is overall positive for the field (60.7%).Conclusions:Despite plastic surgeons’ differing views on social media, its role within the field of plastic surgery is evidently on the rise. The use of social media is not equal across all practice types. Surgeons practicing in private hospitals and specializing in aesthetic surgery are more likely to view social media favorably and use it in their practice.

Guidance for Professional Use of Social Media in Nutrition and Dietetics Practice

The football industry has over the years revolutionised into a modernised game through social media platforms (Wang, Cheng, and Sun 2021: 102). Social media platforms such as Facebook and X (formerly known as Twitter) have been used globally among soccer stars, fans, and footballing clubs to communicate (Weimar, Holthoff, and Biscacia 2020: 335). Football clubs and marketers are exposed to advanced technology opportunities, transformations, and integration opportunities because of the development of social media platforms such as Facebook, X, Instagram, YouTube, Snapchat, LinkedIn etc. (Nairaine 2019: 223). Communication plays an integral role in the sporting industry. Communication is an important element that needs to be incorporated into an organisation’s communication strategy. Effective and well-managed communication is an essential component of any organisation. The aim of this study was to establish how social media is used as a communication tool in the KwaZulu-Natal football industry by three selected teams in building and maintaining healthy relationships with their stakeholders. A mixed research approach was applied consisting of a combination of qualitative and netnography techniques. A sample of 150 social media posts from three different social media platforms of the different teams were analysed and three social media managers of the teams were interviewed. The staff members of the teams were assessed through interview questions and the social media posts were assessed through non-participant observation by the researcher on social media platforms. The software (NVivo version 12) was employed in the data analysis process. The findings indicated that social media has become part and parcel of everyday life. Social media platforms such as Facebook, X, and Instagram have revolutionised communication, which makes it easier and more efficient for the teams to engage with their stakeholders and gauge their feelings and perception about the team. In the football industry, social media has been adopted by clubs as a tool to communicate and disseminate information, particularly to their fans. Although there may be initial barriers to a sports team's use of social media, research has shown that it can serve as a powerful tool for addressing social issues and fostering communication with fans. For instance, studies have demonstrated that teams leveraging social media platforms effectively to raise awareness about important social issues, engage with fans on a more personal level, and ultimately strengthen their community presence. McCarthy, Rowley and Keegan (2022: 513) stated that the use of social media as a communication tool by organisations can is a clear example of affiliation marketing. You and Hon (2019: 110) argued that that the use of social media consists of gaining access to the individual directly, in real time and through interaction and engagement which helps the organisation to shape the affiliation the seek to establish with the customers to make sharing of information easier. According to Hellsten, Jacobs and Wonneberger (2019: 35), social media platforms are differentiated from other forms of communication because social media encourages interaction and engagement on a large and collective scale. The study recommended that teams should make it a point to be consistent with their posts on their social media platforms. Another recommendation was that teams must invest in establishing a team that will work on their communication strategy for their social media so that they can engage effectively and actively with their audiences online.

Observational study. The objectives of this study are (1) to quantify social media use among active American Cervical Spine Research Society (CSRS) members; (2) to determine if there is an association between practice setting, region, or years of active membership and social media use. Many patients now seek health and physician information online, including on social media. Indeed, social media use by orthopedic surgeons has been shown to be associated with more and improved ratings on physician review websites. Further, social media can provide a means for improved doctor-patient relationships, educational endeavors, and professional networking. However, there is a paucity of literature examining social media use among spine surgeons. In January 2019, the CSRS membership directory was used to identify all active American spine surgeon members. Through a Google search, social media use of each spine surgeon on the following platforms was identified: provider page/official website; Facebook; Twitter; Instagram; LinkedIn; and YouTube. In addition, surgeon characteristics were recorded. The percentage of spine surgeons using each social media platform was reported. Bivariate analysis was used to compare social media use by practice setting, region, and years of active CSRS membership. Nearly all spine surgeons have a provider page/official website (98%) and over half (56%) have a LinkedIn presence. Less than one third of spine surgeons are on any of the remaining social media platforms analyzed. The least frequently used social media platform was Instagram (3.2%). There was no difference in any social media platform use by practice setting, region, and years of active CSRS membership. As social media becomes even more common place and the role of it in medical care continues to be better defined, there is notable room for increased social media use among active American members of the CSRS. Level IV-observational study.

The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to have long-term effects on mental health with implications at a population health level. While limiting the transmission of the virus, lockdown measures subject individuals to significant psychological distress and interpersonal isolation, which may increase risk for depression, a chronic and disabling disease associated with tremendous societal, individual, and economic costs (e.g., workplace productivity loss, unemployment, work absence, and long-term disability).1 In addition to the elevated risk of depression and loneliness attributable to frequent and prolonged social media (SM) use outside the context of epidemics, frequent exposure to fearful and exaggerated information through SM can exacerbate psychological and emotional distress.2, 3 We investigated the impact of SM use and psychological and emotional distress on depression in 3064 adults in Mainland China. A national convenience sample of 2574 health-care workers and 490 non-medical workers in China was surveyed cross-sectionally by telephone or WeChat between 29 January and 11 February 2020. Our study participants consisted of physicians (n = 783), nurses (n = 1587), and other medical staff (n = 204) employed in health-care settings providing direct care for patients in hospitals, as well as 490 adults not employed in a health-care setting (Table S1). The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University (No. WDRY2020-K004). Detailed methods and results are available in the Supplementary Information. We assessed the effect of SM use and psychological and emotional distress (according to the Hyperarousal, Intrusion, and Avoidance subscales of the 22-item Impact of Event Scale – Revised [IES-R]) on depressive symptom severity (according to the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9]). Greater IES-R and PHQ-9 scores indicate greater severity. Participants were asked about their use of SM to obtain information about COVID-19. We analyzed PHQ-9 score as a continuous outcome variable using generalized linear models with a negative binomial distribution and as a dichotomous outcome variable using binomial logistic regression models (reported in Supplementary Information). We evaluated the synergistic effect of prolonged SM use to obtain information about COVID-19 and psychological and emotional distress as a result of the epidemic on the risk for depression in Mainland China. We evaluated whether the odds of depressive symptoms with more prolonged SM use and greater psychological and emotional distress were significantly greater than the sum of the odds of depressive symptoms with more prolonged SM use alone and with greater distress alone. We calculated a synergy index and relative excess risk due to interaction to model interaction effects, with adjustments for age, sex, educational attainment, marital status, living arrangements, and health-care/non-health-care-worker status separately for each IES-R subscale.4, 5. The mean (standard error) PHQ-9 score among study participants was 5.2 (0.1), denoting the presence of clinically significant depressive symptoms. Approximately 18.1% (n = 554) of all participants reported spending less than 1 h per day on an SM platform in the past week, 41.6% (n = 1306) reported spending 1–2 h per day, 22.5% (n = 689) reported spending 3–4 h per day, and 16.8% (n = 515) reported spending more than 5 h per day on an SM platform. Greater time spent on SM predicted greater depressive symptom severity (Fig. S1). IES-R Intrusion and Hyperarousal subscale scores significantly predicted PHQ-9 scores, while the Avoidance subscale scores did not (Table S1). Individuals reporting both prolonged SM use (i.e. ≥3 h per day) and significant symptoms of distress, particularly hyperarousal, had significantly higher odds of having depressive symptoms or probable depression relative to individuals with either factor alone (Fig. 1). That is, the odds of depression with prolonged SM use and significant hyperarousal symptoms were significantly greater than the sum of the odds of depression with prolonged SM use (in the absence of significant hyperarousal) and hyperarousal (with reduced SM use), as instantiated by a positive synergistic effect (Table S2). SM networks can be used to provide reassurance, increase public awareness about effective ways to reduce risk of infection, and communicate practical information to curb public panic and reduce the mental health burden of public health crises.6 However, SM use is also associated with elevated risk for depression: greater symptoms of depression and loneliness are observed in young adults who use SM extensively.7, 8 Moreover, during public health crises, SM can aggravate public fear and panic: for example, SM networks have been implicated in the spread of false information and amplification of risk and harm during the 2014 Ebola outbreak.9 There is an urgent and unmet need to address the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of affected individuals. Data are available on request from the authors. We would like to thank the participants from Wuhan and across Mainland China for their generosity with their time and completing the survey. We would like to thank the medical staff who work directly with patients infected with SARS-Cov-2 for their courage and commitment during this difficult period. This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC1314600 to Dr Z. Liu). R.S.M. has received research grant support from the Stanley Medical Research Institute, CIHR/GACD/Chinese National Natural Research Foundation; speaker/consultation fees from Lundbeck, Janssen, Shire, Purdue, Pfizer, Otsuka, Allergan, Takeda, Neurocrine, Sunovion, and Minerva. All other authors declare no competing interests. Appendix S1 Supplementary information. Figure S1 Mean 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scores are significantly higher among individuals with more prolonged social media use. Marginal means reported after adjustment for age, sex, educational attainment, marital status, living arrangement, and health-care/non-health-care-worker status. Table S1 Demographics and summary of model effects on depressive symptom severity (according to the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9] total score as a continuous variable). Table S2 Predictors of depressive symptoms. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

Today's rapidly growing use of social media has both positive and negative impacts on people's social lives. Moreover, based on UNESCO data, Indonesian people are very active in using social media. This research aims to The use of social media as a learning medium aims to increase students' interest in learning, improve students' ability to use technology and increase students' awareness in using social media in the context of education. The method used in this research is a quantitative method using a survey model and in-depth interviews with one teacher and students. The results of this study show that social media can be used for learning tools or media. However, in reality, currently there is no maximum use of social networking media. The results of researchers' observations by looking at the growing phenomenon, that the use of social networking media is currently mostly only used by students to be limited to sending messages with friends, playing games (games), and buying goods online. The use of social networking media is currently still not utilized as a learning medium by students. The conclusion of this research is that media in the learning process is an inseparable part of the teaching and learning process in order to achieve an educational goal in general and learning objectives. Strategies to be able to find learning media. The right and appropriate in the learning process can be done by making considerations in the selection of social media. Therefore, the limitation of this study is that researchers only conducted research on the role of the Discovery Learning strategy in Islamic cultural history lessons, researchers hope that future researchers can conduct research on the Discovery Learning strategy by developing this strategy in other subjects.