Exploring the phytochemistry, extraction techniques, and therapeutic potentials of Dryopteris species: a scoping review (2010–2025)

A study on the discovery of traditional medicine has been done for better health. There are so many potential natural resources from Indonesia which can be used for drug discovery. The current study was aimed to (i) quantify the total phenolic and flavonoid contents; (ii) examine the DPPH free radical scavenging (DFRS) and alphaglucosidase inhibitory (AGI) activities; and (iii) investigate the correlation of the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of different parts of durian plants (Durio zibethinus Murr.) with their activities. Roots, twigs, inner fruit bark and leaves of durian plants (Durio zibethinus Murr.) were macerated with 70% of ethanol. The total phenolic content was measured using Folin-Ciocalteu assay while the total flavonoid content was measured using colorimetric aluminium trichloride assay. The DFRS and AGI activities were determined in vitro and the results were compared with the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The root (DR), twig (DT), inner fruit bark (DIFB) and leaves (DL) extracts revealed a difference in DFRS and AGI activities. The root and twig extracts revealed the strongest DFRS activity among the samples evaluated with IC 50 values of 18.540.58 and 96.650.14 g/mL and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC 50 values of 0.580.01 and 1.550.02 g/mL. The root and twig extract also contained the highest phenolic compounds accounting of 94.010.018 and 31.650.078 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/g dry extract. The total phenolic content of the four extracts has a significant correlation with their DPPH free radical scavenging and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The different parts of durian plant extracts showed a significant difference (P<0.05) on the level of phenolic and flavonoid contents and the inhibition concentration against DPPH and alpha-glucosidase enzyme. In this study, it was found that the root and twig extract of Durio zibethinus Murr. can be a potential source to be developed as a new antioxidant by their DPPH free radical scavenging activity and alphaglucosidase inhibitor due to considerable -glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Aims: Plants need an appropriate amount of nutrients such as copper for growth and development. However, excess of copper may interrupt plant development and cause stress that led to biochemical compounds being synthesized. The influence of a high copper sulfate concentration on phenolic and flavonoid content in Phyllanthus tenellus plants was investigated.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted in a government compound at MARDI Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia (2° 59' 31.7292'' N 101° 41' 56.706'' E), from April 2021 to Jun 2021.&#x0D; Methodology: The experiment was conducted using a vertical column planting system under a side-netted rain shelter. The plants were subjected to 0.5 M copper sulfate sprayed after 60 days of planting and harvested 0.5, 1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after sprayed for further analysis. Total phenolic content was calculated as mg gallic acid equivalent and total flavonoid content was measured as quercetin equivalent.&#x0D; Results: Highest total phenolic and flavonoid content was detected after 0.5 hours of copper sulfate application and started to decrease towards 24 hours after sprayed. Treated samples showed a 1.18-fold increase in total phenolic content and 1.4-fold increase in total flavonoid content compared to control untreated samples after 0.5 hours of sprayed. Control samples showed stability in both total phenolic and flavonoid content throughout the harvesting periods. Phenolic is the major secondary metabolites in Phyllanthus tenellus plants.&#x0D; Conclusion: Data revealed that the application of 0.5 M copper sulfate is able to enhance total phenolic and flavonoid content in Phyllanthus tenellus plants. The study suggested that the optimum harvesting time is 0.5 hours after copper sulfate application.

Background: Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb are traditionally used in Indonesia to treat various diseases, but still limited study about different part of this plant. Objective: The aim of this study was to screen the phytochemicals, to evaluate the total flavonoid and total phenolic contents as well as antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of root, stem, leaves, and seed kernel of C. bonduc. Methods: Each part of plant were extracted by reflux using 70% ethanol as the solvent for 2 h and repeated 3 times. Total flavonoid content was determined by aluminium chloride colorimetric assay on 415 nm. Total phenolic content was determined with Folin-Ciocalteu 1:4 on 765 nm using microplate reader. Antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenger methods. Results: Phytochemical screening showed that all of samples positively contain flavonoid and saponin. Total flavonoid content was the highest in leaf and the lowest in root whereas total phenols content was highest in leaf and the lowest in seed kernel. The crude extracts displayed DPPH free radical scavenging activity with highest value in leaf extract followed by root, stem, and seed kernel. Conclusion: The 70% ethanol leaf extract of C. bonduc showed the highest yield, total flavonoid content and total phenolic content among other parts investigated. Moreover, leaf extract has highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (79.802 g/ml) which could be related to its higher phenolic content.

The focus of the present study was to determine the association of the anti-oxidant activity of Costus speciosus (Koen Ex. Retz.) Sm. with the total phe-nolic content and the total flavonoid content. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was quantified by diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method and the total flavonoid content was determined by the aluminium chloride method. Among the four extracts of the plant, the ethanol extract exhibited the high-est antioxidant activity and also the highest total phenolic and flavonoid con-tents. A strong correlation was observed between the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. A statistical model was de-rived to explain this dependence and a non-linear association was observed between the antioxidant activity and the total flavonoid content.

Polyphenols are recognized as significant phytochemicals responsible for the health-promoting properties of honey. Their levels and chemical diversity in honey are mainly dependent on the floral and geographical origin of the honey. In this study, we investigated the influence of altitudinal variation on the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of Acacia and Ziziphus honey collected from the Asir region of Saudi Arabia. Samples were collected at four altitudes (113, 317, 511, and 576 meters above sea level). The monofloral origin of the honey was confirmed and characterized by melisopalynological analysis. The Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods were applied for the determination of TPC and TFC, respectively. Results showed that the TPC and TFC values were significantly different between Acacia and Ziziphus honey collected at the same altitudes, and both types exhibited high levels of phenolic compounds. There was a significant positive correlation between altitude and both TPC and TFC in Acacia honey. In contrast, a significant negative correlation was found between altitude and both TPC and TFC in Ziziphus honey. We concluded that altitude significantly influenced the TPC and TFC of honey and that the effects may differ based on floral origin. Further investigation is required to develop a deeper understanding of the relationship between altitude and the content of polyphenols in honey.

Objective: Sterculia quadrifida R. Br. of Sterculiaceae family is locally known as “Faloak” in East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. S. quadrifida is used in folk medicine to treat hepatitis, rheumatism, and to recover stamina. The aim of this study was to determine the total flavonoids, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity of extracts from different plant parts of S. quadrifida.&#x0D; Methods: The sampled parts of S. quadrifida were non-stripped stem bark, new regrown stem bark, old regrown stem bark, root bark, branch bark, and leaves. Stem bark was classified into three categories, namely, bark that has never been peeled (non-stripped stem bark), old regrown stem bark (estimated to be &gt;6 months after debarking), and new regrown stem bark (estimated to be &lt;6 months after debarking). Total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined by colorimetric aluminum chloride method and TPC was measured using Folin–Ciocalteu’s reagent. Antioxidant activity was determined with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).&#x0D; Results: The concentrations of flavonoids in S. quadrifida extracts from different plant parts varied from 0.58±0.13 to 1.25±0.10 mg QE/g. The TPC in the extracts of different plant parts ranged between 8.61±0.09 and 10.43±0.08 mg GAE/g. Branch bark has the highest total flavonoid and phenolic content. The extract of new regrown stem bark exhibited potent antioxidant activity with inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 2.51±0.03 μg/ml.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study demonstrated for the first time that extracts from different plant parts of S. quadrifida exhibited strong antioxidant activity. However, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents in S. quadrifida only indicated a weak correlation with its antioxidant activity.

Aims: This study aimed to investigate the total phenolic and flavonoid content and DPPH free-radical scavenging activity of Vernonia amygdalina planted in Mekong Delta. The optimized conditions for maceration of pandan leaves included drying method, ratio of pandan leaf powder-to-solvent, and extraction time.&#x0D; Methodology: The fresh pandan leaves were divided into two equal portions, subjected to different drying methods: shade and oven drying. The dried leaf powder was macerated in ethanol at room temperature. The maceration was conducted with 3 different ratios of pandan leaf powder-to-solvent (w/v) (1:10, 1:15 and 1:20), and the extraction time was 1, 2 and 3 days. The total flavonoid content was determined using aluminum chloride method whereas the total phenolic content was assessed using Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity of the plant extracts was quantitatively evaluated using DPPH test.&#x0D; Results: The results indicated that the best conditions for maceration of pandan leaves were 1:10 shade-dried leaf powder-to-solvent ratio in 1-day extraction time. Accordingly, the total flavonoid and phenolic content was found to be the highest value of 130.02 ± 2.24 mg QE/g of dried extract and 100.67 ± 1.76 mg GAE/g of dried extract (p &lt; 0.05), respectively. The lowest IC50 of DPPH free-radical scavenging activity of pandan leaf extract was found to be 0.90 ± 0.02 mg/mL (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, the Pearson’s correlation coefficient between IC50 of DPPH free-radical scavenge activity and total flavonoid content was R2 = 0.74 compared to that of phenolic content with the value of R2 = 0.69, indicating that the IC50 of DPPH free-radical scavenge capacity of pandan leaves was influenced chiefly by flavonoid compounds.&#x0D; Conclusion: There was a significant difference in phenolic and flavonoid content and DPPH free-radical scavenging activity between shade-dried and oven-dried pandan leaf extracts.

The total phenolic and flavonoid content were assessed in Ficus deltoidea that growing in the greenhouse under four different water field capacity (FC) condition, namely: A40 (40% FC), A60 (60% FC), A80 (80% FC), and A100 (100% FC-control) and in the field, investigated for 6, 9, and 12 months after planting (MAP). This finding showed that the drought stress treatment increased the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of F. deltoidea that grown in the greenhouse. The highest TPC of stems extract were obtained on A40 at 12 MAP, whereas the highest TFC of stems extracts found at 6 months MAP. Leaves extract has the higher TPC and TFC on 12 MAP as compared to 6, and 9 MAP. The result showed that the older the plant age of F. deltoidea the higher the TPC and TFC of leaves. At the 12 MAP, the leaves extract has the higher TFC as compared to the stems extract.

Phenolic and flavonoid contents in plants play a great role in scavenging free radicals in the body and act as antioxidants; thus making their determination very vital. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the methanol extract of Voacanga africana root bark and its fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol) were carried out in this study. The total phenolic content was determined by using Folin-Ciocalteau assay while the the total flavonoid content was determined by the aluminium chloride colorimetric assay method. The result obtained showed that n-hexane fraction of the plant exhibited the highest (116.607±95.13 mgGAE/g) total phenolic content (TPC) at all concentrations followed by ethyl acetate fraction of the plants. The highest total flavonoid content across concentrations (300, 250, 200, 100, 50 and 25 μg/ml) was exhibited by n-hexane fraction (467.143±44.22 mg QE/g). From the results, it was concluded that n-hexane fraction of V. Africana root bark exhibited the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents at all concentrations (ppm), followed by ethyl acetate. It could be deduced that V. africana root bark possesses phenolic and flavonoid contents depending on the type of extract or fraction; thus justifying its folkloric use in the treatment of diseases.Keywords: Phytochemicals, Phenols, Flavonoids, Voacanga africana, Root bark, Fraction

Total phenolic, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of flour, noodles, and steamed bread made from different colored wheat grains by three milling methods

The sweet chestnut fruit has always had great importance in the southern European countries. Chestnut production is an important source of income and a crop of high environmental value thanks to its role in soil protection. It is also a good food with enormous potential for various aspects of health because of its nutritional qualities. The quality of sweet chestnuts is affected by various factors, such as climatic conditions and cultivation inputs. It is very important to recognize the impacts of climate on chestnut fruits, to improve our current understanding of climate–chestnut interconnections. The current study investigated and compared the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of different cultivars of chestnuts grown in different geographic areas of northwest Spain. The results obtained with three antioxidant capability assays (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays) were highly correlated. All the samples had high antioxidant capacity and high total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, which depended both on cultivar and growth region. Ventura variety, harvested in the coldest environments, presented the highest values of antioxidant activity (IC50DPPH = 34.5 g/L), total phenolic content (131.84 mg equivalent of gallic acid/100 g FW) and total flavonoids (7.77 mg eq. catechin/100 g). The variations in the antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of different cultivars, and their associations with climatic environmental factors, revealed the significant impacts of these factors on the synthesis of specialized metabolites and on the nutraceutical potential of chestnuts. The results can provide valuable information for selection of the cultivar and the cultivation conditions of the chestnut, in order to obtain chestnuts with high-quality bioactive characteristics.

Senna didymobotrya has been used in Kenya by the Kipsigis community to control malaria as well as diarrhoea. The Pokot prepare charcoal from the stem for milk preservation. Research has not been done to investigate the effect of different extraction solvents on yield, total phenolic and flavonoid content of Senna didymobotrya plant roots. The aim of this study was to compare root extract yield of diethyl-ether, methanol, and aqueous solvents; phytochemical screening; and total phenolic and flavonoid content of Senna didymobotrya plant roots. Extraction was done by the Soxhlet method. Phytochemical screening was done using Harborne's (1973) method with a slight modification. Total flavonoid content was determined by aluminium chloride colourimetric assay at 420 nm. Total phenolic content was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu at 760 nm using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Extraction yield of diethyl ether, methanol, and distilled water were 3.72 g (7.44%), 4.97 g (9.94%), and 9.09 g (18.18%), respectively, showing a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) in the yields obtained using the different solvents. Phytochemical screening was positive for phenols, tannins, saponins, gladiac glycosides, anthraquinones, alkaloids, and flavonoids. Total flavonoid content was found to be 48.3 ± 1.5 (QEmg/g) and total phenol content was calculated as 34.5 ± 0.1 (GAEmg/g). Distilled water can be utilized as the best extraction solvent. Senna has a high amount of flavonoid and phenolic content. The limitation of this research is that it only tested root extracts and not leaves, flowers, or seeds. More studies need to be done to isolate the different compounds identified.

The effect of different extraction techniques on the composition and antioxidant activity of cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) leaf and fruit extracts

A combination of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and Javanese turmeric (Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb.) rhizomes is used by Baturraden, Central Java, people to treat an ailment called masuk angin. This study aimed to evaluate the quality profile of ginger and Javanese turmeric crude drugs and determine the total flavonoid content (TFC) and the total phenolic content (TPC) of combinations of both crude drugs in five different weight ratios. Standardization of crude drugs used parameters, methods, and standards of the compendial Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopeia (IHP). Ginger crude drugs met the standard in parameters of morphology, loss on drying, acid-insoluble ash, ethanol extractable, and water extractable, while morphology and values of loss on drying, acid-insoluble ash, ethanol extractable, water extractable, and volatile content of Javanese turmeric were within their respective specifications. The TFC of Javanese turmeric is lower than that of ginger, but the opposite trend was observed for TPC. The crude drug weight ratio significantly affected the TFC and TPC of the ginger and Javanese turmeric combination. The combination with the highest TFC and TPC was Formula IV (7.11±0.37 mg Quercetin equivalent (QE)/g) and Formula II (21.65±1.49 mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g), respectively. Our study suggested that ginger and Javanese turmeric crude drugs were not of good quality, and their mixture in weight ratio of 25-75 provided the highest TPC warrant for further bioactivity evaluations.

Some herbal teas contain antioxidant compounds that neutralize the free radicals involved in ageing processes and various diseases. Fermentation can increase the antioxidant activity in herbal teas due to the metabolic outputs of the microorganisms involved in the fermentation process. Aquilaria malaccencis is used to make teas in Indonesia and other countries and has been identified as demonstrating antioxidant properties. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of tea made from A. malaccencis leaves and fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum for 48 hours, 96 hours and 192 hours. The features investigated were antioxidant activity measured via DPPH assay and total phenol and flavonoid content measured spectrophotometrically. The fermentation results at 48, 96 and 192 hours were a pale yellow, sour aroma and sour taste and total lactic acid bacteria (LAB) content of 8.49 x 10 6 CFU/mL, 7.42 x 10 6 CFU/mL and 2.6 x 10 10 CFU/mL, respectively. Antioxidant activity (IC 50 ) at 48 hours was 439.444 µg/ml, at 96 hours was 235.309 µg/ml, and at 192 hours was 190.33 µg/ml. Total phenolic content (mg/g GAE) at 48 hours was 22.561, at 96 hours was 18.173, and at 192 hours was 21.14. Total flavonoid content (mg/g QE) at 48 hours was 1.901, at 96 hours was 1.938, and at 192 hours was 3.76. This research concluded that Lactobacillus plantarum as a starter for fermented tea made from Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. ( A. malaccensis ) leaves could produce appropriate characteristics for its functional food consumption. The best fermentation time was 192 hours, delivering an IC50 value of 190.33 ± 1.64 µg/ml, total phenol content of 36.346 mg/g GAE, and total flavonoid content of 3.876 ± 0.317 mg/g QE. Keywords: Tea fermentation, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content.