Abstract

Despite considerable research on the connections between economic growth, energy consumption, trade, and environmental sustainability, a notable gap persists in understanding the varying effects of these factors at different levels of resource use. This study seeks to fill this gap by utilizing quantile panel regression analysis to investigate the intricate interactions among these variables in the N11 countries. Our results indicate that economic growth has a negative impact on environmental sustainability, particularly at higher levels of resource consumption. In contrast, the consumption of renewable energy has a positive effect on sustainability, whereas reliance on non-renewable energy and trade openness produces adverse outcomes. These findings highlight the urgent need for policymakers to pursue a balanced approach to economic development that emphasizes environmental sustainability and considers the social implications of the transition.

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