Exploring the influence of family ownership and management on employee-centered corporate social responsibility practices in Brazilian firms

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the effect of human capital investment (HCI) on corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices in SMEs. Analysing a sample of 1,136 firms (729 FBs and 407 NFBs) and using a PLS-PM methodology, our results support that HCI has a favourable impact on CSR practices in SMEs and that family business (FB) status plays a moderating role on these relationships.Design/methodology/approachWe estimate the proposed model using partial least squares path modelling (PLS-PM), a variance-based structural equation (SEM) method, using SmartPLS 3.3 software. PLS simultaneously evaluates the reliability and validity of the variables (external model) and the estimation of the trajectories between these constructs (internal model). The PLS-PM technique is appropriate in this research because: 1. the model makes use of type A composites; 2. the proposed research model has some complexity since we pay attention to the existence of moderating effects; and 3. no specific distribution is required in PLS indicators.FindingsThe main findings of this study are: (1) HCI increases CSR practices in the SME context and (2) FB status exerts a positive influence on the relationship between HCI and CSR practices.Research limitations/implicationsThis study, grounded in RBV theory and the concept of “familiness,” uses employees' education and training to measure HCI in FBs. While other research focuses on employee competence and attitude to define HCI, future studies should explore all these elements to better understand their impact on CSR practices in SMEs. Additionally, factors like regulation, organisational culture and personal traits may influence the relationship between HCI and CSR practices, suggesting the need for further research. Future studies could also examine family SMEs by considering aspects such as family management or governance as moderating variables, contributing to the discussion on FB heterogeneity. Causes of heterogeneity in FBs include goals, governance structures and resources, supporting recent calls for a deeper understanding of these variations, particularly in how HCI affects CSR practices.Practical implicationsThis study also highlights several practical contributions. Today’s complex business environment requires organisations to focus on a wide range of stakeholders to remain sustainable. Organisations must understand how HCI influences CSR practices, specifically how education and training for both employees and managers lead to greater sustainable practices. Therefore, awareness and training for family employees, CEOs and external staff are essential for the proper development of CSR practices. Increased education or training programs by public and private institutions or incentive schemes could help promote these practices within firms. Our results further suggest that governments and other organisations interested in business development should not assume that HCI is universally beneficial for CSR practices in all firms. Specifically, the study shows that HCI has a positive effect on different dimensions of CSR in SMEs, and this influence is even more pronounced in family SMEs. Therefore, government agencies and employers' associations should consider the impact of these factors—HCI and FB status—when designing and implementing more effective policies.Social implicationsThis study makes several theoretical contributions. It explores the influence of HCI on multiple dimensions of CSR, focusing on individual-level drivers like education and training for managers and employees. The findings reveal that HCI positively affects environmental, labour and social CSR practices, especially in SMEs. The study also highlights the unique role of FBs, showing that FB status strengthens the relationship between HCI and CSR due to their focus on long-term goals and community well-being. This research addresses gaps in understanding the heterogeneity of CSR practices between FBs and non-family businesses (NFBs).Originality/valueThis article is original, unpublished and all sources and contributions have been properly acknowledged.

There has been significant interest and debate on the impact that a firm’s investments in corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices and initiatives have on its market value. In this paper, we target an area that is relatively under-researched: the relevance of CSR practices and initiatives for firms in the emerging economic region of mainland China and Hong Kong, where market development and the institutional environment lag that of developed economies. Using independent CSR assessment data on a sample of large mainland Chinese and Hong Kong firms listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, we evaluate the impact of six CSR dimensions on the firms’ adjusted stock market value over a three-year period. We found support for the influence of only two of the six dimensions considered, namely, the CSR practices and initiatives focused on community investment through philanthropy and, to a lesser extent, the CSR practices and initiatives focused on enhancing workplace quality, to be significant predictors of firm value. This suggests that social and people-centric dimensions of CSR are more relevant than technical and process-centric dimensions of CSR for mainland Chinese and Hong Kong firms. Furthermore, we found support for the hypothesis that the impact of CSR practices and initiatives on firm value follows an inverted U-shaped relationship over time, suggesting that the effect of these initiatives on firm value steadily increases during the initial years after their adoption to reach a maximum and then gradually fades away in subsequent years. To this end, this study advances our knowledge of the specific CSR dimensions that contribute to firm value and their relevance for Chinese and Hong Kong firms.

PurposeThis study aims to analyze how consumers perceive the corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices carried out by a local water district in Angeles City, Philippines. The main objective of the study is to investigate how CSR practices influence customer satisfaction. To achieve this, several pieces of literature were mentioned to prove that CSR has an important role to its stakeholders.Design/methodology/approachThe study used a descriptive and quantitative approach to test the hypotheses. The participants of the study were the residents of the top three barangays in Angeles City, Philippines, in terms of the most consumed water supply, namely: Cut-cut, Pampang and Anunas. Using the Raosoft sample size calculator, the computed sample size was 382 respondents and distributed using stratified sampling. Methodologically, the study used statistical treatment to test all the variables and validated the instrument.FindingsThe result of the study shows that CSR practices significantly impact customer satisfaction. In the test of the degree of relationship between the dimensions of CSR and customer satisfaction, it was found that there is a significant relationship between the two variables.Research limitations/implicationsThe future study may explore the relationship between CSR and the resource-based view theory of the firm. The resource-based perspectives are useful to understand why firms engage in CSR activities and disclosure. From a resource-based perspective, CSR is seen as providing internal or external benefits, or both.Practical implicationsThe water district must promote social welfare and behave as good corporate citizens; they must spend the resources allocated to CSR initiatives in ways that yield optimum benefits to society as well as to the stakeholders of the company.Social implicationsThe paper points out that the water supply industry is one of the most regulated sectors, as the operation requirements are tighter than any other activity. The authors emphasize that water companies must assume special responsibility because their activities are directly related to the use of natural resources, environmental pollution, and public health.Originality/valueThis study used a descriptive-explanatory strategy to determine the significant variables using PLS-SEM. This paper addressed how consumers perceive the CSR practices carried out by the local water district in Angeles City, Philippines.

PurposeThe authors’ focus is on the way in which sustainability and corporate social responsibility (CSR) discourses and practices emerge in the collaboration of multinational companies (MNCs) with the local hotels in developing country contexts. This paper aims to identify the prevailing institutional orders and logics that bring about CSR and sustainability discourse in tourism industry in Turkey. It also investigates how and to what extent the CSR and sustainability practices align with the local institutional logics and necessities.Design/methodology/approachEmpirical evidence is generated through case studies covering Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc. (Hilton), its Turkish subsidiary and a local hotel chain to ensure data triangulation. Primary data were collected through interviews with the executives of the selected case hotels, which was supported by extensive secondary data.FindingsSome components of CSR and sustainability logics developed in the headquarters diffuse into local affiliate hotel, not all. Local affiliate hotels seek to acquire local legitimacy in their host environment, despite a standard format imposed by their headquarters. Local necessities and priorities translate themselves into such initiatives in a very limited way in the affiliates of the Hilton where there is mostly a top-down approach. Similar approach has also been observed in the case of the local hotel which is part of a family business group. Family’s values and family business headquarter shape the CSR and sustainability strategy and the logics reflecting the local component.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper addresses a theoretical and empirical gap by demonstrating the role of MNCs in the diffusion of sustainability and CSR practices, as acknowledged by Forcadell and Aracil (2017). The authors contribute to the critical writings about the positive impact of CSR and sustainability in the context of the MNCs and their subsidiaries, which is not substantiated due to limited empirical evidence. In addition to these contributions to the CSR and sustainability literatures in tourism and hospitality domains, the authors add to the institutional theory by demonstrating the link between institutional orders and institutional logics. They also show the multiplicity of logics that emanate from the differences of logics developed in the headquarters (centrally imposed) and local affiliate organizations (context-specific) and contribute to theory by highlighting tensions.Practical implicationsThis study appeals to management teams and executives of hotels dealing with these issues of tailoring of CSR practices to local necessities. The authors do not only raise awareness of this consciousness but also demonstrate practical application of some of these strategies and prioritization by detecting market specificities and distinctive societal needs. Hotel managers should resist against the headquarter- or family business-driven uniform approach to CSR and sustainability and reflect on corporate policies through checking isomorphic tendencies. This entails being cognizant of local conditions and necessities and respond to them in a flexible and accommodating way. It involves engaging with a full spectrum of stakeholders, including the leadership in headquarters as well as local organizations (e.g. NGOs, suppliers, etc.) and other institutional forces (e.g. state) to align their sustainability and CSR practices with the locally dominant logics. Managers should be aware of certain logics governing CSR and sustainability practices; some of these logics might be constraining critical thinking and innovative practices.Social implicationsManagers should be proactive in interpreting different institutional logics and process them through critical reflection and boundary spanning and mapping of new opportunities. Moreover, MNC hotel executives should be aware of the limitations of a blanket approach toward CSR and sustainability and increase their sensitivity toward local conditions.Originality/valueThrough this study, the authors are able to add further value to the critical writings about the positive contribution of CSR and sustainability in the context of the MNCs and their subsidiaries, which is not substantiated due to limited empirical evidence.

This paper aims at investigating consumers’ perception on the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices of the telecommunication service companies in Malaysia, and its antecedent to consumer attitude. The local telecommunication service providers have emphasized on service quality, stakeholder value, corporate reputation, and innovation to achieve good business performance. However, little is known about the contribution of service quality, stakeholder value, corporate reputation, and innovation on the effectiveness of organisational CSR practices. Furthermore, lack of previous studies that have investigated the impact of organisational CSR practices on consumer attitude, particularly in the context of Malaysian telecommunication industry. With the adoption of structural equation modeling approach and survey method, a total of 360 samples comprising the prepaid and postpaid mobile consumers were obtained for this study. The results shown that consumers’ perception on service quality and stakeholder value had significant relationship with CSR practices. However, consumers’ perception on corporate reputation and innovation had no significant relationship with CSR practices. CSR practices was positively related to consumer attitude. In the theoretical implications, service quality and stakeholder value variables were found as important elements in the proponents of Strategic CSR Theory. In the managerial implications, this study recommended that the telecommunication service providers should highly focus on more effective planning and implementation of CSR practices through better integration of CSR in its core business functions and value chain system, diversification of CSR scope and stakeholders engagement.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices are considered one of the key success factors influencing firm performance. However, how CSR practices should be integrated into an organization’s business practices has not been investigated empirically. The present research proposes an integrated model incorporating the interrelationships among CSR practices, organizational culture, and corporate reputation to improve firm performance in the hotel industry. The proposed model is developed using stakeholder theory and the perceptions of the general managers. According to the study’s results, organizational culture influences different dimensions of CSR. The results further indicate that hotels using CSR practices related to employees and customers strengthen their reputation. Through improved reputation, CSR practices positively influence firm performance. Furthermore, hotel managers perceive that CSR activities in the local community and related to the environment do not significantly affect a hotel’s reputation. Theoretical and practical implications are provided, and the limitations of the study and future lines of research are discussed.

This paper explores high-risk industries to understand how institutional stakeholders drive corporate social responsibility understanding and practices. The high-risk industries in Ghana were investigated to understand how their managers’ corporate social responsibility understanding and practices have been influenced by their institutional stakeholders. A qualitative study using multiple-embedded case study approach was adopted. Thirty (30) managers were sampled, contacted and interviewed. Data was analysed using qualitative content analysis. From the findings, institutional stakeholders largely influence managers’ understanding and corporate social responsibility practices. Another finding indicates that the high-risk industries and their managers define corporate social responsibility as meeting the expectations of their internal and external institutional stakeholders. Employees and shareholders are the key institutional stakeholders regarding corporate social responsibility in the high-risk industries. Core among the corporate social responsibility practices in the high-risk industries are profitmaking and environmentalism. Going forward, this paper argues that managers’ corporate social responsibility understanding and practices should rather be informed by industry strategy and not largely by institutional stakeholders’ demands.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices and financial performance of firms. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Research on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices and financial performance of firms suggests a nuanced relationship between the two. While some studies indicate a positive correlation, highlighting how CSR initiatives can enhance long-term financial performance by improving brand reputation, customer loyalty, and stakeholder trust, others reveal mixed or inconclusive results, indicating that the impact of CSR on financial metrics can vary depending on factors such as industry, geographical location, and firm size. Additionally, researchers have noted potential limitations, such as the difficulty in accurately measuring the impact of CSR activities on financial performance and the potential for short-term financial sacrifices in pursuit of long-term sustainability goals. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Stakeholder theory, resource-based view and legitimacy theory may be use to anchor future studies on assessing the corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices and financial performance of firms. Further research should prioritize longitudinal studies to provide insights into the causal mechanisms underlying the relationship between CSR practices and financial performance. Firms should adopt integrated CSR strategies that align with their core business objectives and values.

Disclosures on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices of business organizations have heightened over the past few decades due to increased awareness. Major contributions in the literature on CSR practices and their disclosures come from the studies conducted in the developed world, while many developing economies like Pakistan remain under-researched and fewer revelations have been made about their CSR practices. Therefore, the present study aims to explore various aspects of CSR practices of Pakistani firms and their reporting trends. A multimethod approach has been adopted to measure CSR practices with respect to both approaches, quantitative and qualitative, for 170 listed firms from 2008 to 2015. First, content analysis is employed to develop a CSR Disclosure Index (CSRD Index) as well as five sub indices, i.e., community welfare, health and education, environment and energy, product, and customer and workforce. Second, a multidimensional financial approach is used to calculate firm’s CSR monetary spending ratio (CSR-MSR) using the monetary data of CSR activities. Results suggested that most Pakistani firms disclose more information about their product-, customer-, and stakeholder-related CSR activities and put less emphasis on health and education responsibilities. Moreover, there is a strong impact of government reforms on both the firm’s CSR disclosures and monetary giving.

PurposeThis study aims to explore the patterns of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices and investments across different ownership groups and relevance of CSR practices in the vision and mission (V&M) statements of firms.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses the neo-institutional theory approach, which explains similarities and differences in the CSR practices of organisations embedded within (and between) similar sectoral contexts. The study accounts the CSR activities of the top 100 companies listed on the Bombay Stock exchange (BSE) based on their ownership and checks the overlap of the CSR activities conducted by the companies with the ongoing social development schemes launched in India during the same of time. The time period between 2017 and 2020 is chosen to analyse the CSR studies. The study uses content analysis technique to derive conclusions. A textual analysis of top 100 listed firms across all ownership groups aimed at understanding patterns of CSR practices opted by the different groups and coherence of CSR patterns in the V&M statements. CSR related keywords were analysed in the V&M statements to understand what influence reporting of CSR practices in the strategic communication of firms.FindingsOverall analysis indicated that top 100 firms prefer to invest in the areas of “Education”, “Sustainability” “Skill” where public-owned firms preferred towards “Sanitation” and “Environment/Sustainability” showing concurrence with local development goals. Private and foreign groups preferred to park their CSR funds in “Education” and “Skill” development showing coherence with the global agendas. Public-owned firms tend to report more CSR related specifically “Environment’ and “Sustainability” in the strategic documents. However, private and foreign firms do not pay any significance to CSR related keywords in their V&M statements.Research limitations/implicationsFindings suggest that despite of huge CSR investments, private and foreign-owned firms lack CSR focus and communication in their V&M statements, which may create disintegration in the CSR investment and strategic alignment of near-term and future goals. The paper suggests that private and foreign firms should also communicate their CSR practices through their V&M to stakeholders so that CSR practices may not remain mere 2% mandated expenditure by the Government of India.Originality/valueThe study contributes in confirming the success of the CSR policy mandate in supplementing government’s social development programmes along with indications on the role of family firms in accelerating the process of community development as compared to foreign firms. The study also favours integration of CSR disclosures in the V&M statements to gain long-term benefit out of these investments.

The purpose of the study is to examine the mediating role of corporate image on the influence of retailers’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices of a fast-food chain brand and its corporate reputation. The study utilized the dimensions of the retailer’s CSR dimension. This study focused on the external stakeholders (customers) of X fast food brand in Klang Valley. Social exchange theory was employed to guide the study. Quantitative (survey) methods have been used in this study, whereby 150 valid online questionnaires were gathered among the customers in the Petaling Jaya and analyzed using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (Smart-PLS 4.0). The findings showed that Philanthropic activities, Respect for the Environment, and Respect for Consumers have positive and significant relationships with corporate image, and corporate image also has a positive and significant relationship with corporate reputation. Furthermore, there is a significant mediating effect of corporate image on the relationship between CSR practices (Respect for Consumers, Respect for the Environment, Philanthropic Activities) and corporate reputation. The conclusion, implications, and suggestions for future studies were also discussed.

This paper shows an alternative method to evaluate sustainable development and corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices based on the opinions of companies' stakeholders expressed on Twitter. An application of the method is performed with the Inditex textile group. This paper shows two important findings: (a) knowledge about companies' CSR practices and stakeholders opinions can be obtained using big data to analyse CSR information about the company on online social networks; and (b) there are important differences between the contents of the sustainability report of a company and the CSR opinions of its stakeholders on the internet. These findings have benefits for the company's stakeholders, who will be able to know the CSR practices of a company in a more objective way, and for the company, which will be able to improve its CSR performance and communication strategy, as well as the stakeholder engagement.

Based on the fact that most of factories/manufacturers failed to comply with foreign customers’ requirements for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices from the first audits, the present study aims to explore SME exporters’ understanding of CSR requirements from foreign clients, motivations and obstacles for them to practice and implement CSR. In order to tackle the research objectives, qualitative approach is chosen and in-depth interview with owners, HR/CSR managers and production managers is employed to collect data. The research scope is firms/suppliers in hardlines (non-furniture and non-apparel) section. Thematic analysis is used to analyse and categorise data from interviews. The research findings show some crucial points. Firstly, CSR requirements from clients are not correctly understood. Secondly, there are seven drivers for CSR practices which match with previous studies. Lastly, six per ten obstacles to implement CSR are new findings in the present research context. From these findings, some recommendations are proposed to improve CSR practices in SMEs.
 Keywords
 Corporate social responsibility (CSR), motivations (motives), obstacles, SMEs
 References
 
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PurposeCompanies with corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices care about customers, society, the environment and workers. This study aims to examine the impact of CSR practices (i.e. economic CSR, environmental CSR and societal CSR) on consumers’ purchase intention of apparel products, with the mediating role of consumer-retailer love on this relationship.Design/methodology/approachData gathered using purposive sampling technique from 300 young online consumers using purposive sampling were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling via SmartPLS3.0.FindingsThe results reveal that CSR practices (i.e. environmental CSR and societal CSR) have a positive influence on purchase intention for apparel products. Moreover, consumer-retailer love mediates the relationship between CSR practices (i.e. economic CSR and environmental CSR) and consumers’ purchase intention for apparel products.Practical implicationsApparel retail marketers should focus on key determinants when designing CSR campaigns and communicating these CSR initiatives in social media and annual reports. They should also focus on their service quality to create a good perception (images) that helps measure the emotional response (love) between the retailer and consumers.Originality/valueBy applying the triple bottom line framework and the stimulus-organism-response model in a single framework, this study is unique and highlights the role of consumer-retailer love as an important mediator on the impact between CSR practices (i.e. economic CSR, environmental CSR, societal CSR) and consumers’ purchase intention of apparel products. The findings represent a new contribution to the existing literature, as there has been very limited research on this relationship in a developing nation context.

Research Question: Does the effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices and value added of intellectual capital (VAIC), is contingent on the intellectual capital (IC) information disclosure policy adoption in the Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) companies? Does CSR have a moderating effect on the relationship between VAIC and IC disclosure? Motivation: The majority of the literature has examined the effect of value added and social responsibility on the overall transparency of the business while neglecting their effect on the voluntary intellectual capital disclosure. Our study seeks to fill this gap by testing the moderating effect of socially responsible practices on the relationship between VAIC and voluntary IC disclosure. This paper is the first comprehensive attempt to analyses the interaction between CSR practices and VAIC with voluntary IC disclosure. Idea: This study examines how CSR practices moderate the relationship between the added value of intellectual capital (VAIC) and voluntary disclosure of IC in the world's most committed ESG companies in business ethics. Data: The data were collected from Thomson Reuters ASSET4 database from four countries to analyze data of 153 listed companies selected from the Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) index between 2015 and 2019. Tools: To test study’s hypotheses, we applied linear regression with a panel data using the Thomson Reuters ASSET4 database. Findings: Two main results can be derived: First, the integration of CSR into company strategy is positively associated with voluntary IC disclosure. Second, the interaction between CSR practices and VAIC is a determinant of this type of disclosure to reduce the asymmetry of information and the conflict of interest. Contribution: The majority of the literature has examined the effect of value added and social responsibility on the overall transparency of the business while neglecting their effect on the voluntary intellectual capital disclosure. Our study seeks to fill this gap by testing the moderating effect of socially responsible practices on the relationship between VAIC and voluntary IC disclosure. This paper is the first comprehensive attempt to analyses the interaction between CSR practices and VAIC with voluntary IC disclosure.