Exploring the Dynamics of 'Pemelajar' and 'Pembelajar': A Corpus Linguistic Analysis in BIPA

As a corpus-assisted method for language pedagogy, DDL (data-driven learning) may have the potential to enhance language exposure and promote active learner engagement. Concordancing, or KWIC (Key Words in Context), has been the traditional method used in DDL to retrieve numerous language examples, while the method has limitations with overreliance on individual words to search. This paper aims to propose and promote concordancing alternatively based on grammar patterns, a multi-word concept in corpus linguistics. The conceptualised method is named as PIC (Patterns in Context), an extended form of KWIC. An empirical study was conducted to investigate whether the PIC method has any advantages over the traditional KWIC method, using two custom-built Android apps. The research involved 18 pre-university intermediate learners (and six pilot study participants), who used the apps in a self-directed way for two weeks. Then the assessment of the two apps and methods was conducted based on data from automatic logs and responses from questionnaires and interviews. The results suggest that, compared to KWIC, PIC could be slightly advantageous in efficiently helping learners find the target language use, while this approach seems not strong in user engagement and perceived effectiveness. The implications for DDL are discussed, and further investigation is also planned.

This study explicates the lexico-semantic features of the discourses constructed by EFL student teachers regarding language teaching approaches and methods. Utilizing corpus linguistics methods, the research explores a specialized corpus comprised of reflective essays produced by forty-one EFL student teachers in the context of Ukrainian teacher education. Techniques such as keyword analysis, n-grams, collocations, and KWIK (key word in context) were sequentially applied to complement the data. The keyword profile of the corpus enabled the extraction of the main semantic fields, including approaches and methods, education and instructional processes, agents, linguistic aspects, language skills, and techniques. The n-grams analysis further detailed that the participants were familiar with a repertoire of approaches and methods. Evidence garnered from collocations and concordance analyses substantiated that the respondents self-identified with current language teaching approaches and believed in the utility of principled eclecticism. Nevertheless, a minor segment of respondents gave precedence to traditional language teaching. Despite a lexically rich representation of the semantic field of EFL approaches and methods, the related semantic field of techniques was underrepresented in the corpus, indicating challenges associated with the procedures underlying specific approaches in the instructional process. This highlights the need for guided training in the application of contemporary language teaching principles.

Application Programming Interface (API) is used for the software to interact with an operating system to do certain task such as opening file, deleting file and many more. Programmers use this API to make it easier for their program to communicate with the operating system without having the knowledge of the hardware of the target system. Malware author is an attacker that may belong to an organization or work for themselves. Some malware author has the capabilities to write their own malware, uses the same kind of APIs that is used to create normal programs to create malware. There are many researches done in this field, however, most researchers used n-gram to detect the sequence of API calls and although it gave good results, it is time consuming to process through all the output. This is the reason why this paper proposed to use Concordance to search for the API call sequence of a malware because it uses KWIC (Key Word in Context), thus only displayed the output based on the queried keyword. After that, Term Frequency (TF) is used to search for the most commonly used APIs in the dataset. The results of the experiment show that concordance can be used to search for API call sequence as we manage to identify six malicious behaviors (Install Itself at Startup, Enumerate All Process, Privilege Escalation, Terminate Process, Process Hollowing and Ant debugging) using this method. And based on the TF score, the most commonly used API in the dataset is the Reg Close Key (TF: 1.388), which on its own is not a dangerous API, hence we can infer that most API is not malicious in nature, it is how they were implemented is making them dangerous.

While corpus tools provide several different ways to display relationships between words within texts and across texts, the main format for viewing concordance data is Key Word in Context (KWIC). In Computer Aided Language Learning, concordance lines in KWIC format may be accessed inside a concordancer or within other software through links to corpus data. Language learners can and do gain useful insights from exploring concordance data in KWIC format, but some kinds of information may be harder to see, some patterning of use may not be so obvious, and reading of complete examples may not be very easy. The Prime Machine was developed for language learners and aims to make corpus data easier to access and interpret. This paper introduces the design of the Cards Tab, which provides an additional way of viewing concordance data. Results from three evaluations with language learners and teachers show positive attitudes towards this display.

This lesson initiates students into the corpus search function (more specifically key word in context – KWIC), showing them how they can use the color-coded, user-friendly results in the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) to quickly find answers to questions that are not always easily found in their dictionaries or by translators. By giving students individually or in small groups some common grammar and word choice problems to solve with KWIC searches, teachers can show their students the types of answers they can find and how to use KWIC search skills to answer their own language questions independently.

Background: People with disabilities have experienced heightened social risks in the context of the pandemic, resulting in higher rates of infection and mortality. They have also borne elevated burdens associated with public health measures. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) obliges its 184 state parties to eliminate discrimination and ensure equality and inclusion for persons with disabilities, including protection and safety in situations of emergency. It remains unclear to what extent national COVID-19 policies have aligned with these commitments under the UNCRPD. Our objective in this exploratory study was to assess alignment between the UNCRPD indicators and COVID-19 policies from 14 countries with the goal of informing policy development that is inclusive of persons with disabilities and responsive to rights under the UNCRPD.Methods: We identified COVID-19 policy documents from 14 purposively selected countries. Country selection considered diversity based on geographic regions and national income levels, with restriction to those countries that had ratified the UNCRPD and had English or French as an official language. We used a computational text mining approach and developed a complex multilevel dictionary or categorization model based on the UNCRPD Bridging the Gap indicators proposed by the Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights (OHCHR). This dictionary was used to assess the extent to which indicators across the entirety of the UNCRPD were represented in the selected policies. We analyzed frequency of associations with UNCRPD, as well as conducting ‘key word in context’ analyses to identify themes. Results: We identified 764 COVID-19 national policy documents from the period of January 2020 to June 2021. When analyzed in relation to the Articles of the UNCRPD, the most frequently identified were Articles 11 (risk and humanitarian emergencies), 23 (home and family), 24 (education), and 19 (community living). Six countries produced 27 policies that were specifically focused on disability. Common themes within these documents included continuation of services, intersectionality and equity, and disability considerations in regulations and public health measures.Conclusion: Analyzing country policies in light of the UNCRPD offers important insights about how these policies do and do not align with states’ commitments. As new policies are developed and existing ones revised, more comprehensive approaches to addressing the rights of persons with disabilities are urgently needed.

Can Data Driven Learning address L2 writers' habitual errors with English linking adverbials?

Teaching English Language at schools and universities since 1995 and working as a school principle for four years and as an English Language supervisor for ten years, the author of the paper noticed that majority of teachers adopt traditional ways of teaching English as a foreign language (EFL) learners. In these classes teachers inculcate knowledge through spoon feeding practices rather than innovative ones that may challenge students' thoughts and abilities by facing them with non-traditional events, activities or scenes. In spite of the fact that Muslim teachers recite many verses from the Holy Quran daily, they are unaware of the pedagogical and psychological implements in the verses they have been reciting. Hence, this study aims at identifying the pedagogical and the psychological implements in the holly Quran, specifically Surah Alkhaf. To collect data, content analysis method was used to elicit the pedagogical and the psychological implements. To identify the context in which these implements appear, the Key Word In Context (KWIC) was used depending on Al Islam website. These implements are hoped to reshape the way of teaching and learning practiced by many teachers and learners at educational institutions. In most cases, EFL learners don't actively use their minds or the critical skills that may trigger solutions to problems they encounter continuously. This study emphasizes the disastrous consequences of jumping to conclusions before one analyzes and interprets any ambiguous phenomenon. Results of the study showed many pedagogical and psychological implements such as motivation for learning, learning contracts, contradicted practices, stimulus-response model, accommodation and equilibration. The study implicates that any process of learning should be fueled by internal motivation that sparks the learner's power. Learners shouldn't be hasty and jump to conclusions, instead they should do their best to critically analyze events so that they can solve dilemmas they face daily. Another significant implication is the use of learning contracts to enhance fruitful learning. Finally, some recommendations were stated at the end of the study.

Teaching English Language at schools and universities since 1995 and working as a school principle for four years and as an English Language supervisor for ten years, the author of the paper noticed that majority of teachers adopt traditional ways of teaching English as a foreign language (EFL) learners. In these classes teachers inculcate knowledge through spoon feeding practices rather than innovative ones that may challenge students' thoughts and abilities by facing them with non-traditional events, activities or scenes. In spite of the fact that Muslim teachers recite many verses from the Holy Quran daily, they are unaware of the pedagogical and psychological implements in the verses they have been reciting. Hence, this study aims at identifying the pedagogical and the psychological implements in the holly Quran, specifically Surah Alkhaf. To collect data, content analysis method was used to elicit the pedagogical and the psychological implements. To identify the context in which these implements appear, the Key Word In Context (KWIC) was used depending on Al Islam website. These implements are hoped to reshape the way of teaching and learning practiced by many teachers and learners at educational institutions. In most cases, EFL learners don't actively use their minds or the critical skills that may trigger solutions to problems they encounter continuously. This study emphasizes the disastrous consequences of jumping to conclusions before one analyzes and interprets any ambiguous phenomenon. Results of the study showed many pedagogical and psychological implements such as motivation for learning, learning contracts, contradicted practices, stimulus-response model, accommodation and equilibration. The study implicates that any process of learning should be fueled by internal motivation that sparks the learner's power. Learners shouldn't be hasty and jump to conclusions, instead they should do their best to critically analyze events so that they can solve dilemmas they face daily. Another significant implication is the use of learning contracts to enhance fruitful learning. Finally, some recommendations were stated at the end of the study.

This paper describes a web-based visualization system, for interdisciplinary research, using the Japanese local political corpus. We illustrate the system for the corpus, which contains the local assembly minutes of 47 Japanese prefectures from April 2011 to March 2015. This four-year period coincides with the office term for assembly members in most local governments. Our system provides full-text search features for utterances, context word extraction using Key Words in Context (KWIC), map visualization, cross-tabulation tables, and political keyword extraction using TF–IDF. We endowed the system with these features to promote its wide range use in various research fields.

My major research paper (MRP) focuses on the language and arguments used in the debate surrounding medically assisted dying. This paper was interested specifically in how arguments are framed, and if arguments have changed regarding medically assisted dying in the past twenty years. My central research questions are: what are the arguments on both sides of the debate used in news editorials? And if the arguments changed – how did they change? To answer these questions I compared two case studies: (1) Sue Rodriguez and (2) Gloria Taylor. To compare the two cases I analyzed the editorial pages and online comments of major Canadian newspapers. I used key words in context (KWIC) to identify frames and arguments used. Six frames emerged: medically assisted dying legal (ML), medically assisted dying medical (MM), medically assisted dying moral (MMM), pro-life legal (PLL), pro-life medical (PLM), and pro-life moral (PLM). The frames in support of medically assisted dying were used more than double the amount that pro-life frames were used; they were also used more frequently in 2012 than they had been in 1994. Further, there fewer overall KWICs used in 2012, but they were used correctly more often than in 1994. These findings suggest that the act of medically assisted dying is better understood and defined, and that it seems to have more support now than it did twenty years ago.

BackgroundOpen-ended questions eliciting free-text comments have been widely adopted in surveys of patient experience. Analysis of free text comments can provide deeper or new insight, identify areas for action, and initiate further investigation. Also, they may be a promising way to progress from documentation of patient experience to achieving quality improvement. The usual methods of analyzing free-text comments are known to be time and resource intensive. To efficiently deal with a large amount of free-text, new methods of rapidly summarizing and characterizing the text are being explored.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using freely available Web-based text processing tools (text clouds, distinctive word extraction, key words in context) for extracting useful information from large amounts of free-text commentary about patient experience, as an alternative to more resource intensive analytic methods.MethodsWe collected free-text responses to a broad, open-ended question on patients’ experience of primary care in a cross-sectional postal survey of patients recently consulting doctors in 25 English general practices. We encoded the responses to text files which were then uploaded to three Web-based textual processing tools. The tools we used were two text cloud creators: TagCrowd for unigrams, and Many Eyes for bigrams; and Voyant Tools, a Web-based reading tool that can extract distinctive words and perform Keyword in Context (KWIC) analysis. The association of patients’ experience scores with the occurrence of certain words was tested with logistic regression analysis. KWIC analysis was also performed to gain insight into the use of a significant word.ResultsIn total, 3426 free-text responses were received from 7721 patients (comment rate: 44.4%). The five most frequent words in the patients’ comments were “doctor”, “appointment”, “surgery”, “practice”, and “time”. The three most frequent two-word combinations were “reception staff”, “excellent service”, and “two weeks”. The regression analysis showed that the occurrence of the word “excellent” in the comments was significantly associated with a better patient experience (OR=1.96, 95%CI=1.63-2.34), while “rude” was significantly associated with a worse experience (OR=0.53, 95%CI=0.46-0.60). The KWIC results revealed that 49 of the 78 (63%) occurrences of the word “rude” in the comments were related to receptionists and 17(22%) were related to doctors.ConclusionsWeb-based text processing tools can extract useful information from free-text comments and the output may serve as a springboard for further investigation. Text clouds, distinctive words extraction and KWIC analysis show promise in quick evaluation of unstructured patient feedback. The results are easily understandable, but may require further probing such as KWIC analysis to establish the context. Future research should explore whether more sophisticated methods of textual analysis (eg, sentiment analysis, natural language processing) could add additional levels of understanding.

My major research paper (MRP) focuses on the language and arguments used in the debate surrounding medically assisted dying. This paper was interested specifically in how arguments are framed, and if arguments have changed regarding medically assisted dying in the past twenty years. My central research questions are: what are the arguments on both sides of the debate used in news editorials? And if the arguments changed – how did they change? To answer these questions I compared two case studies: (1) Sue Rodriguez and (2) Gloria Taylor. To compare the two cases I analyzed the editorial pages and online comments of major Canadian newspapers. I used key words in context (KWIC) to identify frames and arguments used. Six frames emerged: medically assisted dying legal (ML), medically assisted dying medical (MM), medically assisted dying moral (MMM), pro-life legal (PLL), pro-life medical (PLM), and pro-life moral (PLM). The frames in support of medically assisted dying were used more than double the amount that pro-life frames were used; they were also used more frequently in 2012 than they had been in 1994. Further, there fewer overall KWICs used in 2012, but they were used correctly more often than in 1994. These findings suggest that the act of medically assisted dying is better understood and defined, and that it seems to have more support now than it did twenty years ago.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on Key Letter in Context (KLIC), which is the name of a program to emphasize its relationship to a Key Word in Context (KWIC) concordance. Just as the formatted output of a KWIC concordance is an alphabetized list of key words printed under each other in a gutter down the center of the page with the verbal context of each word printed on either side of it, the output of KLIC is an alphabetized list of key letters printed under each other in a gutter with the graphological context of the word it occurs in printed on either side of it. Each word is tagged to indicate its frequency of occurrence in each text and manuscript. The KLIC program, devised by Grace B. Logan of the Waterloo Arts Computing Office, is applied to the list of headwords or unique words generated as one product of a concordance package designed by Philip H. Smith of Waterloo. The headword includes a translated form for proper collation and alphabetizing the text form and its frequency of occurrence, to which KLIC adds a tag identifying manuscript and text. The translated form is necessary to indicate equivalences of letters and positioning in the alphabet, especially when nonalphabetic characters and diacritics are used.

While the need for applying research evidence to clinical practice is widely recognised, informing healthcare practitioners that an intervention is effective is not enough for them to deliver it. To improve implementation of research findings in general practice, we must gain a better understanding of how knowledge is discovered, generated, and incorporated by frontline staff in their daily work. To understand how primary care professionals use evidence and work individually, as well as with colleagues and patients, to manage complex chronic conditions. Qualitative study involving observations of clinical consultations and practice meetings and focus groups with healthcare professionals across six primary care practices in Yorkshire. The data collection period is July 2024-November 2024. Preliminary results indicate that health professionals access and interpret knowledge drawing from various sources, from previous experience to fast-paced pattern identification using patients' key words in context, guided by resources (for example, checklists). Practice cultures that make room for research discussions help improve the critical use of evidence and foster the staff's collective confidence in a shared commitment to whole person medicine. The integration of experiential knowledge and collaborative real-time problem-solving highlights the complexity of decision-making in a fast-paced environment like primary care. To improve the implementation of research findings, strategic practice meetings that discuss new research, along with easily accessible and concise materials, are essential. These materials, however, can only act as guidance and need to be complemented by key knowledge of the patient's context.