Exploring the Cytotoxic Effects of Rosemary and Ginger Formulation with Mediated Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Dental Floss: A Brine Shrimp Model Study.

Titanium nanoparticles (NPs) offer promising applications in the treatment and prevention of inflammatory disorders due to their unique physicochemical characteristics. However, additional research is necessary to attain a thorough comprehension and validate the efficacy of this approach in dental practice. This study scrutinizes the anti-inflammatory properties of a dental varnish infused with ginger and rosemary extracts mediated by titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. A herbal dental varnish was formulated by integrating ginger and rosemary extracts with titanium dioxide nanoparticles at concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50μL. Anti-inflammatory properties were assessed through Bovine Serum Albumin denaturation and membrane stabilization assays, comparing results with a control group. The results reveal concentration-dependent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in the test group when compared to the control group. The BSA assay corroborates increased percent inhibition with rising titanium dioxide nanoparticle concentrations. In line with existing literature, titanium dioxide nanoparticles enhance dental material properties. The bioactive compounds in ginger and rosemary, such as phenolic compounds and terpenes, contribute to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of the varnish. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in addressing inflammatory diseases underscores their significance in this formulation.

This aim of the study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of two commercial and two experimental dental flosses. Two commercial, Oral B® Essential Floss (nylon-waxed) and Thai Silk Floss (silk-waxed), and two experimental, Floss X (nylon-waxed) and Floss Xu (nylon-unwaxed) dental flosses were used. The cytotoxic assay was performed by using cell cultures (L929) which were subjected to cell viability test with methyl-tetrazolium. Each floss specimen (0.4 g) was placed in 1 ml of Minimum Essential Medium at 37°C with 5% CO2 at 100% humidity in an incubator for 24 hours. After incubation, the cell mitochondrial activity was evaluated for detecting viable cells using optical density as per the guidelines of ISO 10993-5:2009(E). Cytotoxic effects were evaluated by measuring percentage of cell viability at 3 points of time- 5 mins, 30 mins, and 1 hr. The results showed that two commercial dental flosses and Floss X had cell viability about 90% at the three time points; however, the experimental Floss Xu presented 80% cell viability at 5 min and <70% cell viability at 30 min and 1 hr. The results concluded that the commercial dental flosses and the experimental dental floss with wax tested in this study were acceptable for clinical use.

Chemical spoilage of food products can lead to consumer rejection of the product. Therefore, the use of natural antioxidants is of wide importance and potential use to prevent oxidation of nutrients in food products and subsequently maintain the quality of the products and extend shelf life. The present work focuses on the evaluation of the antioxidant power of peppermint, ginger and rosemary. Peppermint extract showed a highest phenolic content (264.74±12.35 mg GAE/g) followed by ginger (101.31±0.89 mg GAE/g) and rosemary (126.58±0.67 GAE/g) while, while rosemary extract has a highest flavonoids content (169±0.11 mg/g) and the peppermint showed the least content (56.35±0.31 mg/g). The highest antioxidant activity presented by rosemary extract with IC50 = 24.5 μg/ml followed by peppermint extract with IC50:109.7 μg/ml) and ginger extract with IC50 = 536 μg/ml. HPLC profile showed 13 different phenolic compounds with high concentration of ellagic acid, rutin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid in rosemary extract. while ellagic acid showed the highest concentration in both ginger and peppermint extract. All tested extracts showed good antimicrobial activities against different pathogens with varying inhibition diameters. Peppermint, ginger and rosemary extracts have high potential for use in food production as natural preservatives.

Introduction: The leaves of Senna alata from the Fabaceae family have been used in folk medicine for the cure of skin disease. In this study, we tested the extract and fractions on brine shrimp lethality test and antiproliferative activity on cancer and normal cell lines. Objective: In this study, we assessed the cytotoxicity of S. alata using brine shrimp test and two cell lines. Methods: The 80 % ethanolic leaf extract and its fractions were examined for possible cytotoxic effect using sulforhodamine B (SRB) cytotoxicity assay towards breast cancer (MCF-7), normal (MCF10A) cell lines, and brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT). Results: The brine shrimp lethality bioassay exhibits no cytotoxicity even at high concentration (5 000 µg/mL). The LC50 for dichloromethane, chloroform, butanol, and aqueous were &gt; 1 000 µg/mL (non-toxic). The IC50 for in vitro SRB cytotoxicity against MCF-7 for n-hexane was 0.013 µg/mL, which was considered highly toxic, while dichloromethane and chloroform recorded at 47.11 and 57.61 µg/mL, respectively after 72 hours exposure time although there was no cytotoxicity found on the normal cell line. Conclusion: This study shows that S. alata crude ethanolic leaf extract and its fractions potentially contain significant bioactive compounds that are safe from adverse effects, which proves the therapeutic application of S. alata in traditional remedy.

The aim of the this experiment was to determine the effect of adding rosemary (0.05%)and ginger extracts (0.5%) on microbial and oxidative stability in meat lamb stored at -18º c for 150 days. Results revealed that there is steady rise (p&lt;0.01) in microbial count and oxidative rancidity in untreated and treated samples with increasing storage period up to 150 days .Also , a significant (P≤0.01) reduction in all bacteria count (P≤0.01) ,TBA was observed in samples treated with ginger or rosemary extracts as compared with untreated samples .It was noticed that addition of ginger extract is more effective against formation of TBA than rosemary extract, however no difference exist between them on antimicrobial agent.

BackgroundNumerous plants from have been investigated due to their anti-inflammatory activity and, among then, extracts or components of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), sources of polyphenolic compounds. 6-gingerol from ginger rhizome and carnosic acid and carnosol from rosemary leaves present anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. However, the evaluation of the mechanisms of action of these and other plant extracts is limited due to their high hydrophobicity. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is commonly used as a vehicle of liposoluble materials to mammalian cells in vitro, presenting enhanced cell penetration. Liposomes are also able to efficiently deliver agents to mammalian cells, being capable to incorporate in their structure not only hydrophobic molecules, but also hydrophilic and amphiphilic compounds. Another strategy is based on the use of Pluronic F-68, a biocompatible low-foaming, non-ionic surfactant, to disperse hydrophobic components. Here, these three delivery approaches were compared to analyze their influence on the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of ginger and rosemary extracts, at different concentrations, on primary mammalian cells and on a tumor cell line.MethodsGinger and rosemary extracts free of organic solvents were obtained by supercritical fluid extraction and dispersed in DMSO, Pluronic F-68 or liposomes, in variable concentrations. Cell viability, production of inflammatory mediators and nitric oxide (NO) release were measured in vitro on J774 cell line and murine macrophages primary culture stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ after being exposed or not to these extracts.ResultsGinger and rosemary extracts obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the release of NO by peritoneal macrophages and J774 cells. The delivery vehicles influenced the anti-inflammatory effects. Comparatively, the ginger extract showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity on the tumor cell line. Controversially, rosemary extract dispersed on DMSO induced a more significant IL-1 and TNF-α reduction than ginger extract in primary macrophages.ConclusionsAmongst the tested delivery vehicles, DMSO was the most suitable, presenting reduced cytotoxicity, followed by Pluronic F-68 and liposomes, provably due to differences in their form of absorption, distribution and cellular metabolism. Co-administration of liposomes and plant extracts may cause death of macrophages cells and induction of NO production. It can be concluded that some of the beneficial effects attributed to extracts of ginger and rosemary may be associated with the inhibition of inflammatory mediators due to their high antioxidant activity. However, these effects were influenced by the type of delivery vehicle.

Recently, research has proven that food products containing chemical preservatives have a harmful effect on health and cause major health risks, so it was necessary to provide a safe alternative for consumers, and this is why the demand by consumers for food products free from harmful chemical preservatives has increased and one of these products is shrimp popcorn. Replacing chemical preservatives with natural ones is not an easy thing, so the food industry is highly interested in studying natural extracts well, studying their activity as antioxidants and antimicrobials, and evaluating their efficiency in preserving new food products while maintaining product quality and consumer preferences. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate two plant extracts (ginger and rosemary) and study their effects on the shelf life and quality of the shrimp popcorn product. Three different concentrations (0.02, 0.2, and 0.5%) of both aqueous ginger and rosemary extracts were applied to shrimp popcorn and their impact on shelf life was assessed through determination of TBARS, DNPH, TVB-N, TMA, PV, pH value, WHC, aerobic plate count, coliform count, yeast and mold count and compared with negative control and positive control (BHT) through a storage period of 12 days and at 4°C. The treatment with aqueous extract of ginger and rosemary showed a results superior to that of the synthetic preservative with a lower TBARS value, carbonyl content, total volatile basic nitrogen, Tri-methylamine value, peroxide value and aerobic plate count at 12 days of storage with mean values of (1.50, 0.95, 1.02, 0.85, 0.79, 0.91, 0.61 and 0.53 mg MDA/Kg), (19.31, 10.52, 15.61, 11.28, 8.39, 10.65, 7.32, and 4.51 nmol carbonyl content/mg protein), (39.48, 31.52, 35.41, 20.22, 13.45, 23.27, 12.38, and 9.15 mg/100 g), (12.38, 10.38, 11.45, 6.85, 2.31, 9.31, 3.20, and 1.56 mg/kg), (25.71, 16.37, 19.65, 15.90, 13.37, 17.18, 11.68, and 9.01 mg/100g muscle), and (3.8x105, 2.2x104, 3.5x104, 2.1x103, 3.3x103, 2.5x104, 2.1x103, and 1.5x103 CFU/g) respectively for (negative control, positive control (BHT), 0.02%GE, 0.2%GE, 0.5%GE, 0.02%RE, 0.2%RE, 0.5%RE). These findings show that the ginger extract at the level of 0.2 and 0.5% and rosemary extract at level of 0.2 and 0.5% were very effective against lipid and protein oxidation, and a powerful antimicrobial in shrimp popcorn product and promising natural antioxidant and antimicrobial replacing the chemical preservatives in food processing.

The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of aqueous extracts of ginger (GE) and rosemary (RE), both individually and in combination, on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in adult male rats. CCl4 induced significant increase in liver enzymes, bilirubin, triglycerides, and total cholesterol while total protein, albumin, and globulin were significantly decreased. Also, the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) and oxidative stress markers were found to be elevated with a concomitant decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in hepatic tissue. Supplementation with extracts of ginger or rosemary effectively relieved most of the CCl4-induced alterations when administered singly. The joint therapy of the two extracts was more effective. The histological investigation strongly confirmed the highly protective effect of the two plant extracts in the hepatocytes. These findings suggest that rosemary and ginger extracts are effective in improving both the function and structure of the hepatocytes through their potent antioxidant effect and point out to the possibility of using a combination of both as an adjunct therapy in liver diseases.

&lt;p class="abstrakinggris"&gt;Garlic, ginger and cinnamon had been reported for their antimicrobial activities, for instance against &lt;em&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Salmonella typhi&lt;/em&gt;. The present study aimed to test antimicrobial activities of nanoemulsion of the mixture of garlic, ginger and cinnamon. The nanoemulsion was formulated from the mixture of garlic and ginger extracts and cinnamon essential oil at the ratio of 80:10:10 using a high pressure homogenizer at 300 bars for 5 cycles. The nanoemulsion powder was prepared using a spray dryer with the inlet and outlet temperatures of 160–170 °C and 70–80 °C, respectively, and maltodextrin as a filler. The nanoemulsion was tested against &lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;S. typhi&lt;/em&gt;. The particle size of nanoemulsion and powdered formulas were characterized using a scanning electron microscope. The LC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; values were identified based on the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test. The results showed that quality of the raw materials confirmed the WHO requirements. The particle size of the emulsion ranged from 151 to 306 nm with the polydispersity index of 0.39–0.52. The 10% and 15% active compounds of the nanoemulsion inhibited &lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;S. thypi&lt;/em&gt; with the LC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; values of 680.15–970.50 ppm and 607.17–903.31 ppm, respectively. The study suggests that the nanoemulsion of a mixture of garlic, ginger and cinnamon extracts could be developed as a food preservative.&lt;/p&gt;

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, with nearly 10 million fatalities reported in 2020, including 2.3 million new cases of breast cancer. Due to its high prevalence, effective treatment options remain a critical priority. Clitoria ternatea L., a medicinal plant widely found in Indonesia, is traditionally used for various therapeutic purposes and may possess anticancer properties. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of ethanol extracts of Clitoria ternatea L. collected from Ternate Island. Cytotoxicity was assessed using two methods: the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) to determine general toxicity, and the PrestoBlue assay to evaluate antiproliferative effects on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. In the BSLT, Artemia salina larvae were exposed to various concentrations of the extract (7.81-1000 µg/mL) for 24 hours, and LC50 values were calculated using probit analysis. For the PrestoBlue assay, MCF-7 cells were treated with extract concentrations ranging from 7.81 to 1000 µg/mL for 48 hours, followed by measurement of cell viability via absorbance at 570 nm. Results showed that the LC50 for the BSLT was 105.681 µg/mL, indicating low toxicity of the extract. In contrast, the extract did not demonstrate significant cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells, with an IC50 value exceeding 1000 µg/mL. In conclusion, the ethanol extract of Clitoria ternatea L. exhibits low general toxicity but lacks significant cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 breast cancer cells under the tested conditions. Further studies are warranted to isolate active compounds and explore their potential anticancer mechanisms. Keywords: BSLT; Clitoria ternatea L.; MCF-7; Prestoblue Assay.

Background and objective: Plant-based fermented foods containing favorable micro-organisms have been used to improve diets. Starter microorganisms may produce toxic compounds that are hazardous to consumers. Brine shrimp lethality test is a convenient and appropriate assay to check toxicity of samples. The aim of this study was to investigate toxicity of pasteurized coconut beverages at 70°C, 80°C and 90°C for 25, 15 and 5 min, respectively, and unpasteurized coconut beverages fermented by Lactococcus lactis against Artemia salina nauplii. Material and methods: After extraction of coconut beverages fermented by Lactococcus lactis using methanol, cytotoxicity was assessed using (lethality concentration). Newly 10 hatched Artemia salina nauplii were transferred into various concentrations (in replicates) of the fermented sample extracts. After 24 h, survived Artemia salina nauplii were counted and lethality concentration was assessed. The brine shrimp lethality test was used to investigate sample toxicity at various doses from 1 to 500 µg ml-1 at various time intervals. Results and conclusion: The fermented extracts included low larvicidal potential against Artemia salina nauplii. Correlations were reported between the extract doses and percentage mortality of nauplli brine shrimp. The pasteurized fermented extracts were less toxic and cheaper. Interestingly, starter culture, fermentation, thermal treatment and time contributed to breaking down of hydrolysable tannins and larger polyphenolic compounds, producing smaller compounds with lower toxicity responses in brine shrimp lethality test. The four probiotics beverage extracts included non-cytotoxic activity as presented by low mortalities in brine shrimp lethality test. In conclusion, these extracts can be used to justify probiotic production of beverages. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Pulverized rhizomes (500 g) of red and black varieties of Cyperus articulatus were separately hydrodistilled to obtain rhizome essential oils. The red and black varieties afforded oil with yields of 0.62 and 0.60% w/w, respectively. Both were tested for bioactivity using brine shrimp lethality test, the two oils samples showed significant activity with LC50 of 2.84 �g/ml and 3.34 �g/ml for red and black varieties, respectively.

The properties of plants with food preservation potential are well known since the antiquity. In recent years,the use of herbs and spices to improve the sensory characteristics and to extend the shelf-life of foods has been growing.Antioxidant effect of adding rosemary extract (RE), sage extract (SE), oregano extract (OE), ginger extract (GE), cloveextract (CE), tea catechins (TC) compared to BHA/BHT, on lipid oxidation and beef burger quality were investigated.The proximate composition, TBARS values, antioxidant activity (AOA%), colour parameters (Hunter L*, a*, b* values,redness index and total colour difference), and sensory attributes of the beef burgers contained RE, SE, OE, GE, CE, TCand BHR/BHT during refrigerated storage at 4±􀀛°C for 􀀛5 days were determined and calculated. Significant reductionin TBARS values and colour changes for all treated beef burgers was observed during storage compared to control.TBARS values were significantly low in TC, followed by RE, CE, BHA/BHT, OE, SE and GE beef burgers.Antioxidant activity of the tested beef burgers was in the order TC > RE > CE > BHA/BHT > OE > SE > GE, sensoryscores were in agreement with these results. So, TC, RE and CE prevent lipid oxidation in beef burgers, and could beused in place of synthetic antioxidants, which have proved for their negative health implications.

Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) cytotoxicity assays (BSLT) are one of the commonly used cytotoxic test methods to assess a plant extract's pharmacological activity and toxicity. Thus, this study aimed to examine the toxic levels of Kecubung (Datura metel) leaves extracted using different solvents, namely ethanol and ethyl acetate. The results showed that the LC50 value of flower ethanol, flower ethyl acetate, leaf ethanol, and stem ethyl acetate extracts had an LC50 value 1000, which was included in the toxic category. The LC50 value of flower ethanol is 121.044 ppm, flower ethyl acetate 105.89 ppm, leaf ethanol 639.589 ppm, and stem ethyl acetate 635.276 ppm. Ethanol leaf extract at a concentration of 1000 ppm showed the highest mortality with a percentage of 60% of the total number of A. salina. The flower ethanol extract showed the highest mortality at a concentration of 250 ppm with a percentage of 67% and at a concentration of 1000 ppm with a percentage of 70% of the total number of A. salina. Meanwhile, flower ethyl acetate and stem ethyl acetate extract at a concentration of 1000 ppm obtained 100% mortality of A. salina in the first 6 hours. The result shows that the flower ethyl acetate and stem ethyl acetate extract at a concentration of 1000 ppm is very toxic compared to other concentrations.Keywords:ToxicityArtemia salinaLC50Ethyl acetateEthanol

Wound dressing has a function to protect the wound area from external exposure and provide a moist state around the wound area for accelerating wound healing process. Collagen and chitosan are known as appropriate biomaterials to synthesise of wound dressing because they have anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, biodegradable and biocompatible properties. One of biocompatibility assay for a material is cytotoxicity assay using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) that could be applied before in Vivo assay. The aim of the research was to know the cytotoxicity level of collagen-chitosan wound dressing with variance of concentration such as K0 as control used pure chitosan, K1 used collagen 25% and chitosan 75%, K2 used collagen 50% and chitosan 50%, K3 used collagen 75% and Chitosan 25%. Skin and scales of Gabus fish (Channa striata) were extracted using 2% HCl solvent to obtain collagen and chitosan powder dissolved in 1% acetic acid. Furthermore, wound dressing is made by a combination of collagen-chitosan concentration according to each group (K0, K1, K2 and K3. Citotoxicity assay used Brine Shrimp Level Test (BSLT) method with concentration each sample group were 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm. The results showed that each wound dressing group such as K0, K1, K2 and K3 had LC50> 1000ppm that indicated wound dressing was non-toxic.