Abstract
Color is a perceptual stimulus that has a significant impact on improving human emotion and memory. Studies have revealed that colored multimedia learning materials (MLMs) have a positive effect on learner’s emotion and learning where it was assessed by subjective/objective measurements. This study aimed to quantitatively assess the influence of colored MLMs on emotion, cognitive processes during learning, and long-term memory (LTM) retention using electroencephalography (EEG). The dataset consisted of 45 healthy participants, and MLMs were designed in colored or achromatic illustrations to elicit emotion and that to assess its impact on LTM retention after 30-min and 1-month delay. The EEG signal analysis was first started to estimate the effective connectivity network (ECN) using the phase slope index and expand it to characterize the ECN pattern using graph theoretical analysis. EEG results showed that colored MLMs had influences on theta and alpha networks, including (1) an increased frontal-parietal connectivity (top–down processing), (2) a larger number of brain hubs, (3) a lower clustering coefficient, and (4) a higher local efficiency, indicating that color influences information processing in the brain, as reflected by ECN, together with a significant improvement in learner’s emotion and memory performance. This is evidenced by a more positive emotional valence and higher recall accuracy for groups who learned with colored MLMs than that of achromatic MLMs. In conclusion, this paper demonstrated how the EEG ECN parameters could help quantify the influences of colored MLMs on emotion and cognitive processes during learning.
Highlights
Long-term memory (LTM) is the storage of information over an extended period in the brain
Our experiment shows that colored multimedia learning materials (MLMs) are able to induce positive emotion on participants while a similar finding was reported by Um et al (2007), Um et al (2012), Mayer and Estrella (2014), Le et al (2018), Münchow and Bannert (2018), Navratil et al (2018), and Uzun and Yıldırım (2018); which confirmed the effect of color on emotional experiences
This paper reports the first investigation about effective connectivity network (ECN) under different color-related learning conditions
Summary
Long-term memory (LTM) is the storage of information over an extended period in the brain. Factors that will lead to poor learning and LTM retention are (1) a limited amount of processing capacity in working memory (WM), (2) a negative emotional state and (3) a detrimental effect on intrinsic motivation (Baddeley, 1992; Pekrun, 1992). For the problem of the limited amount of processing capacity in WM, this can be addressed by effectively selecting and encoding the captured information in WM For this purpose, Mayer (2003) proposed a method for learning using texts and illustrations, which is called multimedia learning (ML). Multimedia learning is still insufficient at improving LTM retention and learning due to the negligence of emotion and motivation in the method, which can negatively influence the selective attention. Cognitive-affective theory of learning with media (CATLM) was introduced to improve the design of multimedia learning materials (MLMs) by incorporating both emotion and motivation that facilitates learning by increasing cognitive engagement (Moreno, 2006)
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
