Exploration of Psychological Responses to Injury of Next-generation National Athletes and Search for Ways to Apply Coping Strategiesto the Field

Aim of the Study: The present research aimed at the rehabilitation of rotator cuff injury (RC) in national and university level athletes of cricket and baseball who belonged to the five different cities of Punjab (Lahore, Multan, Gujranwala, Faisalabad & Sialkot) having confirmed Acute and Chronic injury along with treatment and diagnosis evaluation. Methodology: The data was collected from 5 major cities of Punjab and a total of (N=100) athletes were taken as a sample size and a diagnosis based on physical assessment tests used to identify the level of the injury. Similarly, another group of Control injured subjects (N=20) selected for further comparison. Pre and post-test data were taken to compare the values before and after the execution of rehabilitation plan. The rehab plan integrated several theraband & hydro exercises were executed for 6 weeks. A survey questionnaire was also spread to get the feedback before and after the sessions of athletes. The principle of Specificity, Progression, over loading, Rest & Restoration along with Rest, Ice, Compression & Elevation (R.I.C.E) is used (As per obligatory). The reliability calculated through Cronbach’s Alpha and its value was 0.86. Findings: The statistical analysis completed with the help of SPSS-26, paired sample t-test utilized and results showed statistically significant values. The conditioning plan was satisfactory and all the athletes returned to their sport after the completion of the rehabilitation and recovery program. Conclusion: rotator cuff injury can be prevented at initial levels if it is diagnosed properly and a suitable rehab plan can boost up the recovery process. The proper technical guidelines and awareness can also enhance the performance of the muscle and can prevent the reoccurrence of the injury in the athletes.

The National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network Surveillance Program (NATION-SP) was established in 2011 to provide a comprehensive appraisal of injuries sustained by high school student-athletes who received services from athletic trainers (ATs). The purpose of this article is to update the surveillance methods of the NATION-SP for data reported during the 2014-2015 through 2018-2019 academic years. The NATION-SP used a rolling recruitment model to identify a convenience sample of US high schools with access to ATs. The ATs at participating institutions volunteered to contribute data via electronic medical records systems; common data elements were then pushed to and maintained by the Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention. The ATs completed detailed reports on each injury, including the condition and circumstances. The treatments component was used to comprehensively assess the services provided to athletes by ATs. The outcomes companion component was developed to monitor patient-reported outcomes after athletic injury. The NATION-SP continues to serve a critical purpose in informing injury-prevention and treatment efforts among high school athletes.

The purpose of this study was to explore religiosity/spirituality (R/S) in coping with sport injuries, based on predictions of the integrated model of psychological response to the sport injury and rehabilitation process. A concurrent mixed methods design framed an online survey incorporating quantitative measures of R/S identification and commitment, health locus of control for sport injury, and ways of coping with sport injury, as well as qualitative open-ended questions about mechanisms through which R/S affected and was affected by coping with sport injuries. Participants included 49 physically active adults who experienced sport injuries, with 37 identifying as R/S. Quantitative findings among R/S participants showed religious commitment was a predictor of God health locus of control and positive religious coping. Quantitative results relative to differences between R/S and no-R/S participants showed that those self-identified as R/S relied on a God health locus of control and utilized active coping more so than did those self-identified as no-R/S, whereas no-R/S participants relied more than did R/S participants on an internal health locus of control. Thematic analyses exploring qualitative data revealed three main themes characterizing mechanisms through which R/S affected and was affected by coping with sport injuries: positive, negative, and no R/S coping strategies and effects. Findings support the predictions of the integrated model of psychological response to the sport injury and rehabilitation process and provide evidence-bases for clinical and counseling interventions that reflect cultural competence in accommodating patient or client R/S during recovery from sport injury.

The powers of lightning have been worshiped and feared by all known human cultures. While the chance of being struck by lightning is statistically very low, that risk becomes much greater in those who frequently work or play outdoors. Over the past 2 yr, there have been nearly 50 lightning-related deaths reported within the United States, with a majority of them associated with outdoor recreational activities. Recent publications primarily have been case studies, review articles, and a discussion of a sixth method of injury. The challenge in reducing lightning-related injuries in organized sports has been addressed well by both the National Athletic Trainers' Association and the National Collegiate Athletic Association in their guidelines on lightning safety. Challenges remain in educating the general population involved in recreational outdoor activities that do not fall under the guidelines of organized sports.

Sports Injury Epidemiology: Foundation of Evidence of, by, and for Athletic Trainers.

BackgroundFor professional athletes, sports injury has been considered one of the most influential factors determining their athletic careers' duration and quality. High-intensity training and competitiveness of the sports competition are perhaps critical causes of sports-related stress. This article reviews the relevant research on sports injuries and stressor-related disorders. Further, it explores the following three issues in depth: (1) Do physical injuries caused by competitive sports lead to acute or posttraumatic stress disorder for athletes? What are the abnormal stress responses? (2) What diagnoses are currently available for sports injury related traumatic stress disorder? (3) What kinds of psychological rehabilitation are available for trauma-related symptoms in sports injury? How efficient are they in alleviating these symptoms?MethodsThe study searched electronic databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, etc. And reference lists of included papers were also screened. Two researchers selected the literature strictly according to the inclusion criteria and sorted them out. Based on the proved conclusions, the study established a new framework to manage traumatic stress disorders after the injury occurred.Results16 articles were included in the study. (Q1: N = 10; Q2: N = 3; Q3: N = 3 ) The findings of this review suggested that athletes who suffer from sports injuries are more likely to experience abnormal physiological or psychological stress responses, which may become a massive challenge for athletes to continue their sports careers at a competitive level. However, there is a minimal understanding of addressing sports injury-related traumatic stress disorder from a biological perspective. Thus, it is challenging to build a scientific basis for diagnosis, screening, and treatment. In addition, the current diagnostic tool for athletes stress disorder still heavily relies on subjective measurement, and the treatment plan is not different from that of the general population.ConclusionsIt highlighted that sports-related stress disorder could be the greatest challenge to return to competition for injured athletes. The present study indicated the importance of systematically identifying the symptoms of sports-related stress disorder and improving the current diagnosis and treatment system.

The purpose of this article was to examine the main and stress-buffering effect relationships between social support and psychological responses to injury. The article presents two studies, both of which matched social support types with injury stressors. Study 1 used measures of stressors, perception of social support availability, and psychological responses of injured athletes. Study 2 utilized measures of stressors, received social support, and psychological responses of injured athletes. During physiotherapy clinic visits, injured athletes (Study 1, N = 319; Study 2, N = 302) completed measures of stressors, social support, and psychological responses to injury. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and moderated hierarchical regression were used to analyse the data. In both studies, CFA suggested adequate model fit for measures of social support and psychological responses to injury. Moderated hierarchical regression analyses in Study 1 revealed significant (p < .05) stress-buffering effects for the perception of available esteem support in relation to restlessness, isolation, and feeling cheated, and the perception of emotional support in relation to isolation. In both studies, moderated hierarchical regression analyses revealed significant (p < .05) main effects for esteem, emotional, and tangible support in relation to restlessness, isolation, and feeling cheated. The findings of the current studies enhance our understanding of the stress-buffering effects of social support in relation to injury stressors and psychological responses; that is, the relationships between social support, stressors, and psychological responses to sport injury may differ with regard to received or perceived available support. The findings have important implications for the design of social support interventions with injured athletes aimed at alleviating the detrimental effects of injury stressors. What is already known on this subject? The health, social, and sport-injury related research suggests that social support has the potential to moderate (i.e., buffer) those psychological responses to stress that are detrimental to health and well-being. Despite what is a growing body of empirical research that has explored the role of social support in a sport injury context, there has been a paucity of research that has examined how social support functions in relation to injury-related stressors and psychological responses, particularly with regard to the effect of perceived and received support. In addition, there has been limited regard for current conceptualizations of social support as well as injured athletes, psychological responses in the measurement strategies adopted and measures employed. What does this study add? Enhances our understanding of the stress-buffering effects of perceived and received social support in sport. Provides support for the functional aspects of perceived support when dealing with injury-related stressors. Has important implications for the design of social support interventions that aim to expedite injured athletes successful return to sport.

Background and Study Aim. Since athletes tend to be addicted to exercise, they are at a higher risk of experiencing sports injuries compared to others. Exercise addiction and kinesiophobia, which is the fear of (re)injury and movement after an injury, are distinct but related concepts for athletes. It has been stated that mindfulness helps individuals to diminish their kinesiophobia. However, little is known about the relationship between exercise addiction, kinesiophobia, and mindfulness among athletes. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate kinesiophobia, exercise addiction, and mindfulness among athletes and to examine the effect of certain variables on these three concepts. Material and Methods. The sample of the study consisted of 313 athletes over the age of 18. Participants were included in the study on a voluntary basis, using the convenience sampling method. Study data were collected with the 'Demographic Form', the 'Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia', and the 'Exercise Addiction Scale'. Results. The study discovered that national athletes exhibited statistically higher levels of exercise addiction compared to non-national athletes. Similarly, athletes suffering from chronic pain showed higher exercise addiction scores than those without chronic pain. Furthermore, athletes who had sustained sports injuries demonstrated higher exercise addiction levels compared to those who had not. It was also determined that athletes with pain or movement limitations due to sports injuries exhibited increased levels of kinesiophobia compared to those without such limitations. In addition, athletes with chronic pain reported higher levels of kinesiophobia compared to their counterparts without chronic pain. Female athletes were found to have higher levels of mindful awareness compared to male athletes. Additionally, when analyzing the relationship between these three parameters, a negative correlation was observed between kinesiophobia and mindfulness among athletes. Conclusions. While kinesiophobia and exercise addiction are not directly related, there is a negative relationship between kinesiophobia and mindfulness. Furthermore, chronic pain and limitations in movement after a sports injury are identified as risk factors for kinesiophobia. Additionally, being a national athlete, experiencing chronic pain, and sustaining sports injuries are considered risk factors for exercise addiction.

This article focuses on the doctoral research of the winner of the 2010 DSEP PhD Dissertation Prize, Ian Mitchell. Research in social support has highlighted its importance in dealing with stress; however, there has been little research within the sport injury literature that has focused on the role of social support within the injury-response process. Furthermore, research that has been conducted within a sport-injury context has raised a number of conceptual issues that should be considered. Based on this premise, a programme of research is outlined that involved the examination of social support in the sport-injury response process. Specifically, four studies are discussed in relation to the pathways and processes that underpin the role of social support from a stress and coping perspective. The article concludes with conceptual considerations of the research alongside practical implications and suggestions for future research.

This study explores the attributions and coping strategies of athletes who experienced psychological impact from sport injuries or illness from a qualitative methodology. To understand athletes' unique perspectives on injury and recovery, framed in the Global Model of Sport Injuries, and contribute to the development of effective interventions and support programs for athletes. A qualitative research approach was employed, conducting semi-structured interviews with an ad hoc sample of 16 athletes, representing diverse backgrounds and competitive levels. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using NVivo software, identifying themes and codes related to attributions and coping strategies. Athletes attributed their sport injury mostly to bad luck, routine deviations, and negative mental states, while coping strategies used included cognitive restructuring, emotional calming, seeking social support, mental withdrawal, and behavioral risk. Factors such as training deviations, social support, psychological responses, and injury diagnosis seems to have influenced the coping strategies employed. Sport injuries and illnesses significantly impact athletes' careers and wellbeing. Support and effective communication from coaching staff and healthcare professionals were identified as crucial for athletes' wellbeing. These findings contribute to understanding the psychological processes and experiences involved in sport injury recovery and highlight key elements for prevention and intervention protocols. Future research should explore communication patterns in sports contexts and assess attributions and coping strategies at different stages of injury recovery.

Objective: The objective is to study the application and significance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of early knee joint cartilage injury in athletes, so as to provide corresponding rehabilitation training. Method: The imaging manifestations of T2 mapping of patellar cartilage in athletes and healthy volunteers are studied. 32 national professional athletes are included. The imaging characteristics of T2 mapping pseudocolor images of normal patellar cartilage are analyzed. The image characteristics of early patellar cartilage injury in T2 mapping pseudocolor images are analyzed, and the comparison of cartilage injury between athletes and ordinary people, as well as the injury of left and right knee cartilage of athletes are obtained. Results: The average value of T2 (T2av) of right patellar cartilage of athletes is higher than that of left patellar cartilage, and there are significant differences. The average T2av of right patellar cartilage is slightly higher than that of left patellar cartilage in healthy volunteers, with no significant differences. With the increase of training years, the color scale of patellar cartilage gradually increases, from the surface to the deep layer. In addition, the damage is aggravated, the blue range is reduced, the green range is expanded, and some yellow areas appear, which are more mixed. The lateral area and deviation to lateral area of right patellar cartilage are more obvious, and the T2 value is increased. Conclusion: T2 mapping can reflect the early injury of articular cartilage sensitively, intuitively and quantitatively. Before the morphological changes, the changes of biochemical structure of degenerative articular cartilage can be found by T2 mapping, which can provide theoretical support for the detection of early injury of knee cartilage in athletes.

Part 1 Introduction to psychology of sport injuries: theoretical frameworks Chapter 1. Introduction to psychology of sport injuries 1 Chapter 2. Psychological antecedents to sport injury Chapter 3. Psychological responses to injury: A review and critique of psychological response to injury models Chapter 4. Psychological aspects of rehabilitation adherence Part 2 Psychological interventions in sport injury rehabilitation Chapter 5. Goal setting in sport injury rehabilitation Chapter 6. Imagery in sport injury rehabilitation Chapter 7. Relaxation techniques in sport injury rehabilitation Chapter 8. Self-talk in sport injury rehabilitation Chapter 9. Social support in sport injury rehabilitation Part 3 Delivering psychological interventions in sport injury rehabilitation Chapter 10. Integrating the psychological and physiological aspects of sport injury rehabilitation: Rehabilitation profiling and phases of rehabilitation Chapter 11. Sport medicine team influences in psychological rehabilitation: A multidisciplinary approach Chapter 12. Using a psychological model and counselling skills in sport injury rehabilitation Chapter 13. Psychology of physical activity related injuries Chapter 14. Conclusions and future directions

Purpose: This study aims to examine the relationship between injury anxiety and forgiveness flexibility levels of elite field hockey players. Injury anxiety and forgiveness flexibility levels were compared in terms of gender, the status of being a national athlete, injury history, and frequency of training. Method: In line with the purpose of the research, it is descriptive research in which the relational survey model, one of the quantitative research methods, is used. With this method, it is used to grasp and explain the relationship between various variables without any attempt to change the current situation. In this framework, a research model was created that aims to determine the existence of covariance between two or more variables. The research population consists of field hockey players. The population of the study is elite field hockey players who participated in national or international field hockey tournaments. The research sample consists of 161 participants (66 Female, 41%; 95% Male, 59%) selected by convenience sampling method, which is one of the non-random sampling methods. The “Sports Injury Anxiety” scale was used to determine the injury anxiety levels of field hockey players who participated in the study voluntarily. The “Forgiveness Flexibility Scale” was used to determine the levels of forgiveness flexibility, and the “Personal Information Form” prepared by the researchers was used to collect information about demographic characteristics (gender, status of being a national athlete, injury history, training frequency). Conclusion: It was determined that there was a significant difference in injury anxiety and forgiveness flexibility scores of elite field hockey players according to gender and training frequency variables. On the other hand, while there was a significant difference in injury anxiety scores according to the status of being a national athlete and having an injury, no significant difference was found in the mean scores of forgiveness flexibility. As a result of the analysis performed to determine the relationship between injury anxiety and forgiveness flexibility, a positive and significant relationship was determined between the injury anxiety and forgiveness flexibility levels of the athletes. Finally, it was concluded that training frequency is an important predictor of injury anxiety, and as the training frequency increases, the athlete's injury anxiety level decreases. Keywords: Field hockey, injury anxiety, forgiveness flexibility

The psychological ramifications of injury and failure are often overlooked. Though physical and technical aspects of injury and failure must be attended to for recovery, the psychological response is relevant to the athlete's relationships with others in their sport, identity as an athlete, and their decision to remain in the sport post injury and failure. PURPOSE To identify specific psychological responses to injury and failure including self-esteem, athletic self-esteem, interpersonal interactions with coaches, teammates, and doctors, athletic identity, and the decision to continue or quit. METHODS 71 Division I NCAA athletes and 16 former Division I NCAA athletes completed the Charles Athletic Injury Failure Survey (CAIFS), Rosemberg's Self Esteem Scale and an Athleticism Subscale to Rosenberg's Self Esteem Scale. CAIFS included a survey of demographics, athletic identity, past athletic experiences interpersonal interactions, a Response to Injury Scale, and a Response to Failure Scale. All questions on the CAIFS, except categorical questions, were scaled on a seven point Likert scale. RESULTS Injury was noted as the number one reason why an athlete did or would quit their sport, and failure to meet their own expectations the second. Chronically injured. Athletes' confidence and athletic identity post injury and failure were more affected by relationship with teammates than with coach. Athletes were more trusting post injury than post failure, and more trusting of teammates than coaches. An athlete's likelihood to discontinue their sport was more dependent on treatment by their coach than treatment by teammates. CONCLUSION The athletic experience post injury and failure is more affected by teammates than coaches. The negative psychological effects of failure may be greater than those of injury. Injury and unfavorable treatment by their coach seem the best predictors of discontinued participation in sport.

Utilització d’un mètode de codificació per l’estudi i seguiment epidemiològic de la patologia esportiva. Avaluació de dos períodes olímpics amb l’equip nacional de taekwondo