Abstract
The use of microorganisms that allows the recovery of critical high-tech elements such as gallium (Ga) and indium (In) has been considered an excellent eco-strategy. In this perspective, it is relevant to understand the strategies of Ga and In resistant strains to cope with these critical metals. This study aimed to explore the effect of these metals on two Ga/In resistant strains and to scrutinize the biological processes behind the oxidative stress in response to exposure to these critical metals. Two strains of Serratia fonticola, A3242 and B2A1Ga1, with high resistance to Ga and In, were submitted to metal stress and their protein profiles showed an overexpressed Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) in presence of In. Results of inhibitor-protein native gel incubations identified the overexpressed enzyme as a Fe-SOD. Both strains exhibited a huge increase of oxidative stress when exposed to indium, visible by an extreme high amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The toxicity induced by indium triggered biological mechanisms of stress control namely, the decrease in reduced glutathione/total glutathione levels and an increase in the SOD activity. The effect of gallium in cells was not so boisterous, visible only by the decrease of reduced glutathione levels. Analysis of the cellular metabolic viability revealed that each strain was affected differently by the critical metals, which could be related to the distinct metal uptakes. Strain A3242 accumulated more Ga and In in comparison to strain B2A1Ga1, and showed lower metabolic activity. Understanding the biological response of the two metal resistant strains of S. fonticola to stress induced by Ga and In will tackle the current gap of information related with bacteria-critical metals interactions.
Highlights
The use of microorganisms that allows the recovery of critical high-tech elements such as gallium (Ga) and indium (In) has been considered an excellent eco-strategy
When metals enter into the cells, they often lead to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) are the most important enzymes related to the cellular oxidative stress combat and are often categorized in different families based on its metallic cofactor
Summary
The use of microorganisms that allows the recovery of critical high-tech elements such as gallium (Ga) and indium (In) has been considered an excellent eco-strategy. Two strains of Serratia fonticola, A3242 and B2A1Ga1, with high resistance to Ga and In, were submitted to metal stress and their protein profiles showed an overexpressed Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) in presence of In. Results of inhibitor-protein native gel incubations identified the overexpressed enzyme as a Fe-SOD. Results of inhibitor-protein native gel incubations identified the overexpressed enzyme as a Fe-SOD Both strains exhibited a huge increase of oxidative stress when exposed to indium, visible by an extreme high amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. When metals enter into the cells, they often lead to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production These species are very instable and highly reactive, which result in nucleic acids damage (mutagenic effect), protein damage (protein oxidation with loss of function) and membrane instability that compromise the membrane integrity (with degradation of the cell membrane, lipid peroxidation, and/or inhibition of electron transport chain)[7]. Levels of GSH in cells are used as a biological parameter to evaluate the cellular oxidative stress
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