Abstract
In the last two decades, advanced differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (A-DInSAR) techniques have experienced significant developments, which are mainly related to (i) the progress of satellite SAR data acquired by new missions, such as COSMO-SkyMed and ESA’s Sentinel-1 constellations; and (ii) the development of novel processing algorithms. The improvements in A-DInSAR ground deformation time series need appropriate methodologies to analyse extremely large datasets which consist of huge amounts of measuring points and associated deformation histories with high temporal resolution. This work demonstrates A-DInSAR time series exploitation as valuable tool to support different problems in engineering geology such as detection, characterization and modelling of land subsidence mechanisms. The capabilities and suitability of A-DInSAR time series from an end-user point of view are presented and discussed through the analysis carried out for three test sites in Europe: the Oltrepo Pavese (Po Plain in Italy), the Alto Guadalentín (Spain) and the London Basin (United Kingdom). Principal component analysis has been performed for the datasets available for the three case histories, in order to extract the great potential contained in the A-DInSAR time series.
Highlights
Land subsidence represents the main response to superficial and deep deformations induced by multiple natural and anthropic phenomena which take place at different spatio-temporal scales
The outcomes of the A-DInSAR time series analysis acquired by ERS-1/2 and RADARSAT-1 sensors show that the Oltrepo Pavese is affected by three deformational behaviors with linear, non-linear, and seasonal trends
A hydraulic head change of 13.16 m produces around 6.92 mm of various methodologies were implemented to map the ground motion areas using the average velocity detected by A-DInSAR data [25,26,27,28,29,30], the use of the time series for the detection of ground motion areas is still not a common practice in the scientific community
Summary
Land subsidence represents the main response to superficial and deep deformations induced by multiple natural and anthropic phenomena (i.e., vadose zone processes, such as swelling/shrinkageGeosciences 2017, 7, 25; doi:10.3390/geosciences7020025 www.mdpi.com/journal/geosciencesGeosciences 2017, 7, 25 of clay soils, soil consolidation, aquifer compaction, solid and fluid extraction, and load-induced compaction) which take place at different spatio-temporal scales. In the pre-mitigation investigation phase, the identification of land subsidence areas and the understanding of driving factors is fundamental in order to adopt suitable land use planning and sustainable management of the available resources. Land subsidence investigations are essential to delineate the magnitude and type of deformation related to the temporal evolution of surface displacements (i.e., linear or non-linear), the spatial extension of the affected areas and the mechanism of land subsidence. The scientific community carried out different strategies and a combination of different methods, including field measurements, remote sensing tools, and integrated approaches, to solve the complexity of the problem in many areas of the world [4,5,6,7,8]
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