Abstract
The world's aircraft industries have devoted substantial effort in the past decade towards the realisation of aircraft which can take-off and land vertically. Such aircraft have many potential applications for both military and civil use. Two dominating operational factors have emerged: noise and downwash. In the author's opinion, jet lift and fan lift aircraft with their high disc loadings will prove too noisy for city-centre use and produce too violent a down-wash flow to operate from unprepared sites. These difficulties, added to the inherently higher power requirements of high disc loading, have swung attention more and more towards large lifting rotors, varying from large dual-purpose propellers to more conventional helicopter rotors.
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