Experimental Study of the Process of Preliminary Separation of Light Impurities from Combed Heap

Washing machines are used in the production lines of grain cleaning departments of flour mills for thorough cleaning of the grain surface, in particular, its grooves from the remnants of organic and mineral dust, microorganisms and mold. In addition, the grain mass during washing is cleaned of hydrodynamically light and heavy impurities - chaff, seeds of waste plants, straw fragments, mineral particles in the form of sand, small stones, lumps of earth, as well as spores and wormwood seeds. At the same time, foreign odors of grain disappear.Experience in the operation of Ж9-БМА machines shows that along with many advantages, they have some disadvantages. In particular, the productivity of the machine 10 t / h does not correspond to the productivity of the conjugated technological equipment of the production line, and the specific water consumption for washing grain is 1.8… 2.0 l / kg, which is too much in modern conditions of acute shortage of drinking water. Enterprises to abandon the use of washing machines. In addition, certain problems and inconveniences are caused by the design of the sieve shell of the impression column. Stamped sieves with scaly asymmetric holes have a low coefficient of living cross section, which complicates the process of dehydration of washed grain, quickly corrode and rub, require special attention during installation or replacement. Therefore, an attempt is made to eliminate these shortcomings.In particular, the reduction of water consumption is achieved due to the elimination of the grain hydraulic conveyor during its transfer from the washing bath to the pressure column. For this purpose, a device for mechanical overloading of grain by a rotary bucket device located within the alloy chamber is used. At the same time, attention was paid to the separation of light organic impurities from the grain. This decision needs further explanation.The functional diagram shows that the initial grain mixture enters the receiving device, which feeds it with a minimum vertical speed into the ascending water streams created by the screws of two grain augers rotating with the same frequency in the opposite direction. The augers pick up the grain and, keeping it afloat in a suspended state, mix it with the water of the washing bath. At the same time the grain is washed and particles are separated from it, which differ from it in terms of density: mineral impurities begin to sink, fall down and through the longitudinal slit in the auger trough fall into the area of the auger for mineral impurities. This auger transports the "stones" in the opposite direction to the funnel with the ejector of the hydrotransporter of mineral particles. Light impurities, during the transportation of grain by grain augers, float to the surface of the water, the level of which in the washing bath is maintained up to the axis of the augers. Together with grain and water, these impurities are pushed out of the bath into the alloy chamber.In the chamber, in the transverse direction, a pipe with a longitudinal absorption slot is installed, the lower edge of which is immersed in water so that the upper layer of water merges into this slot together with light impurities that have surfaced in the washing bath. The amount of water that fuses light impurities can be adjusted by the depth of immersion in water of the lower edge of the absorption hole. To do this, the pipe is rotated relative to its axis with a special handle with a clamp and a pointing scale. One end of the pipe is closed by a plug, and the other passes through a hole in the wall and drains the water with light impurities into the sink sump. The described device provides almost complete removal of light impurities and minimal consumption of floating water. This solution is in the invention according to the copyright certificate 701708404, developed by specialists of the department TOZV. In addition, certain problems and inconveniences are caused by the design of the sieve shell of the squeezing column. Dirt particles tend to stick to the outer surface of the sieve cylinder and block its holes. This can slow down and even stop the separation of water by centrifugation. Therefore, the upper outer surface of the cylinder is washed with water, which in automatic mode is periodically fed to the sieve by the control device and the solenoid valve. It also saves water.

At present, the grain cleaning machines used for cleaning safflower seeds are not effective in cleaning safflower seeds due to the high energy consumption, metal and material content. For this reason, in Uzbekistan an energy and resource-saver grain cleaning machine has been developed which meets the needs of the farms in the cleaning of safflower seeds. When cleaning safflower seeds, the unfamiliar compounds in its content, including 2-3% light impurities should be separated. The quality of safflower seeds cleaning from light impurities depends on the number of fan rotations, the slope and height of the suction pipe and the quenching of the separated light impurities depend on the cyclone parameters. According to the theoretical and experimental studies, light compounds falling into a cyclone with a diameter of less than 20 m/km rise with air and fall with large ones. In addition, the rotation frequency of the fan in the grain cleaning machine is 2200 rpm (air flow rate 5.1 m/s), the height of the suction pipe is 70-130 mm and the slope is in the range of 20-40 degrees and the separation of light impurities of safflower seeds were achieved at around 85 percent.

The separation of grain and light impurities in a vertical pneumatic separation channel with an increase in its capacity occurs under rather difficult conditions, since the thickness of the grain flow increases, which leads to a redistribution of particles of grain material and reduces the probability of passing light impurities through the grain layers and their release into the sedimentation chamber. To increase the productivity of vertical pneumatic separation channels, it is necessary to create conditions for single-layer placement of grain material in the separation zone at a distance that excludes the interaction of other layers of grain input. This will allow the majority of grain particles to be in the same conditions and increase the percentage of probability of separation into the sedimentation chamber to the maximum value. Therefore, a theoretical flow analysis aimed at studying the interaction of grain mixture particles with the air flow, taking into account the single-layer arrangement of several grain layers and the contamination of the air flow with light impurities in the separation zone, is a rather important task. Theoretical dependences have been obtained that allow substantiating the main parameters of the pneumatic separation channel and determine the residence time of a grain particle in the separation zone, taking into account the clogging of the air flow. For a grain material of mass characterized by the values of the windage coefficient kз = 0.075...0.12 for full grain, kз = 0.11...0.14 for substandard grain, and kз = 0.125...0.55 for light impurities, it is possible to clearly separate the grain mixture into fractions by setting the appropriate parameters and operating modes of the pneumatic separation channel under the condition of a single-layer multilevel input. Due to the selection of rational parameters of the feeding devices for delivering the material into the separation zone and establishment of appropriate aerodynamic modes of air flow, it is possible to separate up to 96% of light impurities from the grain material, while ensuring minimal losses of full grain to waste.

В настоящей статье представлена ценность пчелиных продуктов в том числе перги для жизнедеятельности человека, которая содержит множество полезных веществ, таких как витамины, аминокислоты, и ферменты что делает ее ценным пищевым и лечебным продуктом. Рассмотрена технология переработки пчелиных сотов на пергу и восковое сырье включающая в себя использования специализированного оборудования выполняющие процессы в шести операциях. Операции входящие в рассматриваемой технологии классифицированы, как подготовительные, основные и заключительные. Рассматриваются виды перерабатываемого сырья, как перговые соты для получения пергового продукта в виде гранула и воска. Описываются особенности выполнения каждой технологической операции и конструкции установок, выполняющие технологический процесс переработки сырья. Для уменьшения затраты энергии употребляемые аппаратами входящие в линию переработки перговых сот переоборудовано устройство центробежной скарификации сотов. В самых энергоемких операциях, работающие продолжительное время, заменены новыми сушильными устройствами, потребляющими энергии солнца. Использование солнечной энергии для переработки перги представляет собой эффективное и экологически устойчивое решение в Казахстане из-за достаточной плотности солнечной энергии на удельную площадь поверхности. Сравнительная оценка потребления электрической энергии в существующей и предложенной технологии показали высокую эффективность собственной разработки.

The characteristics of a new type of batch distillation column called the “complex batch distillation column” are examined. In the complex column, the feed is supplied to the middle of the column, and the light and heavy components are withdrawn from the top and the bottom at the same time. The liquid on the feed tray is recycled to the feed tank so as to accumulate the intermediate component in the tank. The complex column is convenient for removing light and heavy impurities from raw materials since the impurities can be withdrawn simultaneously from the top and the bottom. The complex column is similar to a combined system of ordinary and stripping batch distillation columns where the condenser of the stripping column is heat-integrated with the reboiler of the ordinary column. Therefore, it can be expected that separation can be executed effectively compared with the ordinary column. In this paper, by analyzing the differences between ordinary and stripping batch distillation columns, the conditions at which the complex column works effectively compared with an ordinary batch distillation column, are clarified.

In the next twenty years in Finland, annual cuttings on peatland forests are foreseen to increase by up to 30 % of the total cuttings. Cost effective harvesting methods on low yield peatland forests coupled with low ground bearing capacity are required. One solution to improve the feasibility of harvesting could be excavators tailored for forestry use and equipped with a harvesting head. In the study, cost competitiveness and productivity of the excavator-based harvester were investigated. The cost analysis focused on operating hours of harvester use, shift arrangements and purchase prices for the base machine and harvesting equipment when the base machine was used partly as a harvester and an excavator. Results were compared to conventional wheeled harvesters. If the base machine is used more than 3 working months as a harvester in addition to normal (6–8 months) excavator work, the harvesting method would be cost competitive compared to purpose-built harvesters (if 1 V and 2 shift arrangements were used). The 25 % increase of the base machine’s and harvester equipments’ purchasing costs did not eliminate the cost competitiveness of harvesting, when harvesting was carried out in 1 V shifts for at least 4 months. It would be feasible and profitable to invest in harvesting equipment for the excavator and therefore diminish the winter lay-days of the base machine by utilizing it in logging operations. Conditions on peatland sites mean that during the winter time the use of the excavator-based harvester is ideal, when the utilisation of all logging machines is at its highest.

Harvesting equipment productivity studies have been conducted in many countries around the world spanning over 25 years. These studies have shown that many factors influence individual machine productivity. These factors include stand and site conditions, equipment configuration, management objectives, and operator experience. Productivity can increase or decrease with slight changes in any of these factors. This literature review also highlights the variety of experimental designs and data collection methods encountered in a cross section of those studies. It further shows the variation in species composition, stand density, tree diameter, and harvest prescription. Although studies that include the influence of operator performance on harvest equipment productivity are limited, they were included in this review where appropriate and available. It is clear that productivity equations should be developed using population-level data with several operators. Some studies were conducted in stands similar to Maine, but they used harvesting equipment that is not commonly used in logging operations in this state. Therefore the applicability of existing studies to the logging industry in Maine, USA, is very limited. Our conclusion is that in order to accurately predict harvesting productivity it is necessary to develop regional harvesting productivity equations using harvesting equipment commonly used in Maine. Forest operations researchers in other regions will be able to use this summary to explore the difficulty of applying productivity information to regional logging operations.

The grain production technology implies the need for fast and high-quality post-harvest processing. Grain should be brought to certain moisture and contamination conditions. It is particularly important to clean it from light impurities. The volume of grain production and consumption is constantly increasing, which necessitates the introduction of efficient separator designs. The quality of separating light impurities from grain can be enhanced by improving the design of known separators used in agriculture. The paper proposes to use a variable-pitch screw in the design of an air-screw separator. The screw with the housing form a screw aspiration channel used for the separation process. The study of the air flow movement in the screw channel is complicated because of its complex shape. Using computer modeling and experimental research, we determined the parameters of the air flow and established the performance of the separator, at which light impurities are separated according to the agrotechnical requirements.KeywordsGrain cleaningSeparatorTrajectoryAir flow

It is shown that scientifi c research into the intensifi cation of soybean seed separation processes is necessary for developing new type purifi cation technologies that eliminate the shortcomings of traditional machines, as well as achieving more favorable technical and economic indicators of grain cleaning equipment. (Research purpose) To substantiate the design parameters of a cleaning and sorting plant for highly efficient separation of soybean seeds. (Materials and methods) We used a developed prototype model of the plant for cleaning soybean seeds, consisting of a gravity column and a pneumatic cleaning and sorting channel. The number of combs in the gravity column and the gap between the comb bars were substantiated. Subject to different supply of material, the completeness of separating a large impurity was determined in a gravity column, a light impurity – in the first section of the channel, soybean halves – in the second section of the channel, small and puny soybean seeds – in the third one. (Results and discussion) The optimal number of combs for the gravity column was set to 10 pieces with a gap between the comb bars of 10 millimeters, thus providing the separation effi ciency of 99.3 percent. It was obtained that the optimal ratio between the width of the narrowing partition and the 50-millimeters depth of the channel section equals 0.37. The width of the narrowing partitions was calculated to be 55.5 millimeters; the optimal supply of soybeans is 2.5 tons per hour, thus providing the separation completeness in the gravity column of no less than 95 percent, and that in the pneumatic channel of no less than 98 percent. (Conclusions) It was determined that the intensifi cation of the soybean seed separation process is possible by the combined use of a gravity column and a pneumatic separating device, which can increase the productivity and effi ciency of soybean cleaning by 20 percent or more.

The Auricularia auricula harvester has low harvesting productivity, low qualification rate, and high breakage rate, and the lack of research on key operating parameters has become a bottleneck restricting the large-scale development industry. In view of the difficulty of industrialization and promotion of Auricularia auricula harvesting equipment, this paper combines the research on the physical properties of Auricularia auricula, adopts a quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design test and response surface analysis method to carry out the optimization and test of the key parameters of the harvesting equipment of Auricularia auricula, including the speed of the tray fungus stick (A), the frequency of the harvesting knife (B), and the distance of the harvesting knife (C). Design-Expert software was used to analyse the data and investigate the influence of each parameter and its interaction on the harvesting productivity, qualified rate, and breakage rate. The test results show that the factors affecting the harvesting productivity are in order: (A) > (B) > (C); the factors affecting the harvest qualification rate are in order: (C) > (B) > (A); and the factors affecting the harvesting damage rate are in order: (C) > (B) > (A). The multi-objective optimization results show that the optimal parameter combination of the key parameters of the Auricularia auricula harvesting equipment operation is that the tray speed is 308.17 r/min, the harvesting knife frequency is 10.78 Hz, the spacing between the harvesting knives is 84.67 mm, the productivity is 363 bags/h, the pass rate is 94.26%, and the breakage rate is 2.40%. The field production application under this optimized parameter combination shows that the productivity of the Auricularia auricula mechanized harvester is 346 bars/h, the qualified rate is 91.43%, and the breakage rate is 3.19%. This study can provide a reference for improving the quality of Auricularia auricula harvesting equipment.

Introduction. It is possible to increase the separating of loose grain on the lattice bottom of the combine harvester feeder house by removing most of the light impurities from the combed heap using an inertial cleaning system built into the combing adapter body.Aim of the Study. The study is aimed at developing an inertial system for separating light impurities in the combing header body and optimizing its main parameters.Materials and Methods. The object of the study was a large-scale model of a pneumatic cleaning device to simulate the motion of air and components of a combed grain heap inside the combing adapter body. It was a two-factor experiment with three variations of the air flow velocity (4.5; 5.5; 6.5 m/s) and the width of the air channel (0.26; 0.29; 0.32 m). The studies were conducted on a combed heap of Moskovskaya 56 wheat with a moisture content of about 12%. As a parameter for optimization and response function, a portion of the combed heap was selected from the body of the installation with an air flow.Results. According to the results of the experimental studies, it was found that the air flow velocity has a greater effect on separating glumes than the width of the air channel. A simultaneous increase in both factors leads to an improved separation. At the same time, if increasing the air flow velocity ensures a stable increase in the proportion of the combed heap and is limited only by the air velocity at which grain appears in the combed heap along with the glumes, then changing the channel width allows achieving the parameter optimal value.Discussion and Conclusions. The use of an inertial cleaning system makes it possible to remove almost completely light impurities from the combed heap. The optimal parameters of the device are: channel width 0.28...0.3 m, air flow velocity 6...6.5 m/s.

The fullest utilization of harvested grain is an important task of agricultural production. During separation of seed grain from grain heap a large amount of grain impurities (feeble and crushed grain) being a valuable animal feed is lost. One of the effective methods of separation of grain impurities from light waste is the fractionation on aerodynamic properties. When developing and improving the devices for fractionation of light waste by means of airflow, it is necessary to carry out a large number of experiments, which is associated with time, energy and material consumption. Mathematical modeling allows to minimize the number of experiments. Before applying a mathematical model in designing of technical devices, it is necessary to assess its adequacy. The article presents the assessment of adequacy of the results of mathematical modeling of light waste fractionation process to the experimental results. Qualitative assessment of adequacy is carried out by determining whether the results of mathematical modeling are within the tolerance range of experimental data; quantitative assessment is carried out by means of statistical hypotheses testing. The results of theoretical calculations draw one sample, the results of experiments draw another. Two statistical hypotheses are considered. Each of the hypotheses is tested at 0.05 of significance level. The hypothesis that both of received samples belong to the same parent population is tested with the use of the sign test. As a result of research, the hypothesis is accepted on the selected significance level. Then a regression model is developed for each of the samples, and using the Chow test the hypothesis about the coincidence of constructed regression models is tested. As a result of research, the second hypothesis is also accepted at 0.05 of significance level. The considered mathematical model can be used in the design of technical devices for fractionation of light waste.

Research progress on remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by electrokinetic-permeable reactive barrier

Behaviour of biodegradable plastics in composting facilities

Systematic Analysis Reveals Thermal Separations Are Not Necessarily Most Energy Intensive