EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON THE USE OF VINASA CLARIANT ORGANIC FERTILIZER IN WHEAT CROP

Growth years and post-harvest processing methods have critical roles on the contents of medicinal active ingredients of Scutellaria baicalensis

Significant genetic variation in leaf photosynthetic rate has been reported in grain sorghum [Sorghum biocolor (L.) Moench]. The relationships between leaf photosynthetic rates and total biomass production and grain yield remain to be established and formed the purpose of this experiment. Twenty two grain sorghum parent lines were tested in the field during the 1988 growing season under well-watered and water-limited conditions. Net carbon assimilation rates were measured at mid-day during the 30 day period from panicle initiation to head exertion on upper-most fully expanded leaves using a portable photosynthesis system (LI-6200). Total biomass and grain production were determined at physiological maturity. The lines exhibited significant genetic variation in leaf photosynthetic rate, total biomass production and grain yield. Significant positive correlations existed between leaf photosynthesis and total biomass and grain production under both well-watered and water-limited conditions. The results suggest that leaf photosynthetic rate measured prior to flowering is a good indicator of productivity in grain sorghum.

In this study, five different organic and chemical fertilizer treatments (100% chemical fertilizers and 14%, 28%, 56%, and 84% organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers) were set up to examine their effects on agronomic characteristics, yield, mineral nutrient absorption and effective component content of Chrysanthemum morifolium. We used the microplate reader and MTT kit to detect the antioxidant activity of C. morifolium water extract under different treatments and its protective effect on LO2 hepatocytes which were damaged by H2O2. The results showed that chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer could ensure the yield of C. morifolium. Moreover, the yield of C. morifolium increased by 8.3% treated with low proportion of chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer (14% organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer). The contents of N and Mg elements in C. morifolium flowers showed an upward trend with increased replacement ratio of organic fertilizer, while the contents of Ca and P reached the maximum value when C. morifolium were treated with 56% and 28% organic fertilizer substitution, respectively. In addition, the contents of chlorogenic acid, luteolin and 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid in flowers was raised by 3.3%-12.8%, 15.7%-30.1% and 9.5%-29.7%, respectively, when C. morifolium were treated with gradually increasing ratio of organic fertilizer to chemical fertilizer. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of C. morifolium water extract first increased and then decreased with elevated replacement ratio of organic fertilizer. The C. morifolium water extract could significantly improve the survival rate of H2O2-damaged LO2 hepatocytes. The survival rate of H2O2-damaged LO2 hepatocytes reached as high as 91.2% treated with C. morifolium water extract under the treatment of 28% organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer cultivated C. morifolium, showing a significant increase compared to the model group. Based on the comprehensive indices of yield, nutrient absorption, active ingredient content, antioxidant activity in vitro, the protective effect on H2O2-damaged LO2 hepatocytes and the ecological friendly characteristics of organic fertilizer, we suggested that the quality of cultivated C. morifolium was the best under the application of 28% organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer.

The aim of this research to observe and analyze the ability to grow of watermelon seeds in organic and inorganic fertilizers. Observing and analyzing the interaction between the ability to grow of watermelon seeds with plant growth in organic and inorganic fertilizers. Recommend a combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers that provide maximum results. This research was conducted in field of State Polytechnic of Lampung on June until Agustus 2014. This research uses a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with treatment in the form of thiamethoxam, inorganic fertilizers and organic fertilizers, namely: P1 = 0% organic fertilizer + 100% inorganic fertilizer; P2 = 25% organic fertilizer + 75% inorganic fertilizer; P3 = 50% organic fertilizer + 50% inorganic fertilizer; P4 = 75% organic fertilizer + 25% inorganic fertilizer; P5 = 100% organic fertilizer + 0% inorganic fertilizer. Doses of inorganic fertilizers: Urea = 300 kg.ha-1, SP-36 = 200 kg.ha-1, KCl = 100 kg.ha-1. Organic fertilizer: manure (cow manure) = 20 tons.ha-1. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and if there is a real different treatments followed by LSD test at 5% level. The results showed that organic and inorganic fertilizer application significantly affected fruit length and fruit weight, but did not significantly affect the ability to grow, main stem length and number of leaves. The length of the longest fruit found in the treatment of inorganic fertilizer application of 75% + 25% organic fertilizer (P2). While the weight of the heaviest fruit found in the treatment of organic fertilizer application of 100% (P5). The highest ability to grow plant found in the treatment of 100% inorganic fertilizer application (P1), treatment of inorganic fertilizer application 50% + 50% organic fertilizers (P3), P2 and P5 treatment. The longest length of main stem found in P5 treatment, while the highest number of leaves found in P2 treatment. Keywords: fertilization, organic, inorganic, watermelon

This study aimed to determine the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the cultivation of tropical weed Synedrella nodiflora as forage. The study was conducted from May to July 2018. The treatments of the research were control (C), organic fertilizer (D) and organic fertilizer + urea (DU), with 3 replications that were arranged on experimental design with a completely randomized design, in a unidirectional pattern and continued with least significant different (LSD). Organic fertilizer dosage in this study was 5 tons/ha, while urea fertilizer was 350 kg/ha, with plant spacing was 45x60 cm. The observed parameters were plant height, forage production and chemical composition (5 weeks after planting). Plant height of C, D and DU were 41.59, 47,42, and 50.59 cm respectively. Forage production of dry matter after 5 weeks planting at C, D and DU were 1.69, 1.70 and 2.91ton/ha, with in vitro digestibility values ranging from 51.68 to 57.70% (IVDMD) and 51.71 to 61.98% (OMD) respectively. The chemical composition of native S. Nodiflora were 12.32% of dry matter (DM), 62.45% TDN count for cattle and 67.42% TDN count for sheep. Based on DM, The organic matter was 84.46%, crude protein 20,11%, crude fiber 13.26%, extract ether 7.77%, and nitrogen free extract 37.08%. The combination of organic fertilizer and urea increased the height and fresh and dry matter production S. nodiflora.

The degradation of soil fertility presents a significant hurdle in maintaining agricultural production across many nations. Sole reliance on either inorganic or organic fertilizers can yield both advantageous and detrimental impacts on plant growth, nutrient availability, and soil health. Integrating organic waste and compost into agricultural practices stands as a key approach to harnessing valuable sources of organic matter (OM) and nutrients, thereby promoting sustainable agricultural methods. Moreover, the enhancement of composts with chemical fertilizers can significantly boost the agronomic efficiency by decreasing the required fertilizer quantity while simultaneously elevating the compost quality. While organic fertilizer can improve soil physical and biological activity, it has a lower nutrient content, requiring larger quantities for plant growth. On one hand, inorganic fertilizers provide an immediate and rapid supply of essential nutrients directly available to plants. However, the continual use of inorganic fertilizers results in the depletion of soil organic matter, increased soil acidity, and environmental pollution. Therefore, an integrated nutrient management system serves as a viable approach for cost-efficient and sustainable soil fertility management. This system involves the combination of both inorganic and organic materials to enhance soil fertility and productivity without causing detrimental environmental impacts. This study aims to assess the effects of blending compost with urea fertilizer on specific aspects of soil fertility and productivity. The findings indicate that a strategic combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers enhances productivity without compromising yield quality. Moreover, it significantly boosts soil fertility beyond what can be achieved by using either organic or inorganic fertilizers separately. Additionally, enriched compost reduces application rates from tonnes to kilograms per hectare, reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers to a certain extent. This farmer-friendly approach is economically acceptable and environmentally sustainable as it reduces compost application rates, saves N fertilizer, and recycles organic waste while potentially reducing N losses to the environment. © 2018 The Author(s)

High and sustainable crop yields in the tropics have been reported to be only possible with judicious combination of mineral fertilizers and organic amendments. Fertilizing croppings to achieve this has usually been a difficult task to achieve. The growth and yield of maize cultivated with a complementary application of organic and inorganic fertilizers was assessed compared with sole organic and sole inorganic fertilizers between April and July 2003 and 2004 at Ibadan, Nigeria, in the degraded tropicalrain forest zone. There was a no-fertilizer treatment as the control. The organic fertilizer was an equal mixture of composted domestic waste and stale cow dung, applied at 10 tonnes ha-1. Urea and Single super phosphate were applied as the inorganic fertilizer to supply 70 kg N and 13 kg P2O5 ha-1 respectively. The mixture of organic and inorganic fertilizer treatment consisted of half the rates used for sole organic and sole inorganic fertilizer treatments: 5 tonnes organic mixture was applied, with 35 kg N and 6.5 kg P2O5. Maize plant height at 8 weeks after planting washighest with inorganic fertilizer application while the leaf area was highest with organic fertilizer application. Stover yield and cob yields were also highest with inorganic fertilizer. Complementary application of organic and inorganic fertilizers however had similar plant heights; stover yield as well as cob yields with inorganic fertilizer. Nitrogen appeared chelated with organic fertilizer application. Plant ear – leaf Nitrogen was highest (1.68%) with inorganic fertilizer while the control plots had a Nitrogen content of 1.12% which was higher than 0.84% and 0.98% N from sole organic and a complementary application of organic and inorganic fertilizers, respectively. Plant P content was increased by 136% and 15% with organic and inorganic fertilizers, respectively, but was reduced by 15% with complementaryapplication of organic and inorganic fertilizers. The K content was highest with inorganic fertilizer (1.91%). Complementary application of organic and inorganic fertilizers had a K content of 1.70% while the organic – fertilized leaves had 1.53%. Stover nutrient uptake was highest for N and K with inorganic fertilizer while the P was highest with organic fertilizer application. Cultivating maize with complementary organic and inorganic fertilizers gives a comparable cob yield as inorganic fertilizer and has nutrients higher than from sole organic fertilizer application.Key words: Maize, Fertilizer type, Nutrient uptake

The medicinal plant industry is under increasing scrutiny due to wide variance in active ingredient (AI) concentration from values claimed on labels. Reasons for this disparity include environmental and genotypic variation which influence AI concentration. St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) is a popular herbal remedy which also exhibits marked variance in AI concentration among products. This study evaluated concentration changes of three biologically active metabolites of H. perforatum after exposure to UV light while plants were still vegetative. Treatments were performed with 55-day-old plants grown under 400 μmol m(-2) s(-1) PAR for 16 h a day. Three UV light treatments were evaluated: a single dose, a daily dose and an increasing daily dose. Concentrations of hyperforin, pseudohypericin and hypericin were monitored for 7 days after each treatment. A daily dose and an increasing daily dose did not produce significantly greater increases in secondary metabolites compared to single dose treatments. These results suggest the small but significant transient metabolite concentration increases in H. perforatum can be induced by UV light exposure. Information from this study can be useful in optimizing total biomass and metabolite production in controlled environments.

Fertilization in agricultural cultivation has an important role in the carbon cycle. This study aims to evaluate using organic fertilizers with inorganic fertilizers that can produce high carbon sequestration with low CO2 emission levels in maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation. There were seven combinations of NPK and organic fertilizers, namely ¼ NPK + 1 OF (C), ½ NPK + 1 OF (D), ¾ NPK + 1 OF (E), 1 NPK + 1 OF (F), ¾ NPK + ¼ OF (G), ¾ NPK + ½ OF (H), ¾ NPK + ¾ OF (I), and two controls, namely no fertilizer (A) and standard NPK (350 kg/ha, SP36 150 kg/ha, KCl 75 kg/ha) (B). Organic fertilizer was applied one week before planting, SP-36 and KCl fertilizer at planting, and urea fertilizer at 0, 14, and 28 HST. Maize was planted with a spacing of 20 x 70 cm. Parameters observed included CO2 emissions, soil pH, C-Organic, C-microbial, and plant growth parameters. The combined use of NPK and organic fertilizer significantly increased soil carbon stocks (33.25-64.04 Mg/ha) and carbon sequestration by plants (3.76-5.98 Mg/ha). Therefore, using organic and inorganic fertilizer can be considered more environmentally friendly and effective in managing carbon balance on farmland and has great potential to contribute to climate change mitigation through increased soil and plant carbon sequestration.

The demand for agricultural commodities increases from year to year, so farmers also have to increase the production of agricultural products. Farmers can increase agricultural yields through the excessive use of inorganic fertilizers. This causes many problems for the environment, so it is required to reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers in agricultural land. This study aimed to determine the effect of a combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of rice. This research was carried out in a screen house in Jatisela, Gunung Sari Subdistrict, Lombok from June to October 2020. The three treatments used in this study were P0 N0 with no organic and inorganic fertilizers; P0 N100 with a dose of 100% inorganic fertilizer and P50 N50 with a dose of 50% organic fertilizer and 50% inorganic fertilizer. The results showed that the combination of organic fertilizers (50%) and inorganic fertilizers (50%) can increase the growth and yield of rice in the screen house compared to control plants and plants which given only 100% inorganic fertilizers. In summary, the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers can reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers.

Pruning branches and leaves is the measure to stimulate the growth of Lonicera japonica flower buds, and consequently, the resources of pruned leaves are inevitably and seriously wasted in production. High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was applied for content determination of seven active ingredients(chlorogenic acid, galuteolin, isochlorogenic acids A, B, and C, secologanic acid, and secoxyloganin) in L. japonica leaves from March to November. The results showed that the tillering removed from the trunk of L. japonica in March, the leaves pruned from May to July, and the leaves after the first frost date in November were rich in active ingredients, which deserved further exploitation and utilization. The total content(TC) of active ingredients in pruned L. japonica leaves in early March was the highest. The content of active ingredients in L. japonica leaves increased significantly after the first frost date, which was close to that in the bud tillers pruned in early and middle March. After the first frost date, L. japonica leaves are incapable of photosynthesis, and the harvesting of L. japonica leaves does not affect the physiological activities of the tree. In addition to huge resources, the content of active ingredients is high during this period, which is the best harvesting period of L. japonica leaves.

The technology demonstration on rice production under organic and inorganic fertilizer application was conducted to determine which of the identified treatments would give better rice growth and yield and showcase the technology to the farmers. The study was composed of three treatments. Treatment A – Inorganic Fertilizer (120-60-60); Treatment B – ½ of 50% Inorganic + 50% Vermicast RR; Treatment C – 25 bags of vermicast as organic fertilizer. An area of 778.18 square meters was divided into three plots with a measurement of 19.30 meters in length and 12.44 meters in width (19.30m x 12.44m). Between plots was provided with a 1-meter distance for the passageway and drainage for excess water. The research made use of frequency and mean to determine the growth and yield performance of NSIC Rc 160 (Tubigan 14) as applied with organic and inorganic fertilizers. Treatment variation was analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The result of the study shows that the application of inorganic and organic fertilizers gave a comparable performance in terms of growth and yield performance. However, in terms of a cost analysis of using inorganic and organic fertilizers, it is more economical to use organic fertilizer than inorganic fertilizer. It further showed that the lower the cost of production, the higher the net income of the rice production under organic fertilizer application. The researcher further concluded that the application of vermicast alone as a fertilizer source or a combination of inorganic and organic fertilizers is more cost-efficient in rice production than purely inorganic fertilizer application.

Organic fertilizers produced by agro-industrial waste are sources of nutrients for plants, making it relevant to study their technical and economic efficiency in several crops as well as in upland rice irrigated by sprinkler irrigation. Thus, this study aimed to conduct an economic analysis of the application of organic fertilizer made from fridge waste and mineral fertilizer in two upland rice cultivars irrigated by sprinkler irrigation. The experiment was conducted in the agricultural years 2009/2010 and 2010/2011, in Selviria - MS. Treatments consisted of two rice cultivars with different characteristics (BRS Primavera - intermediate type and IAC 202 - modern type) and six combinations of mineral and organic fertilizer at sowing (100% mineral fertilizer, 80% mineral fertilizer + 20% organic fertilizer, 60% mineral fertilizer + 40% organic fertilizer, 40% mineral fertilizer + 60% organic fertilizer, 20% mineral fertilizer + 80% organic fertilizer and 100% organic fertilizer). Total Operating Cost, Gross Revenue, Operating Profit, Profitability Index, Equilibrium Yield and Equilibrium Price have been estimated. It was concluded that, in the year without excessive rainfall (2009/2010), BRS Primavera cultivar in association with 40% mineral fertilizer + 60% organic fertilizer has obtained higher yield. However, the highest profit was obtained with IAC 202 with 80% mineral fertilizer + 20% organic fertilizer. In the year with heavy rainfall in sowing and harvesting season (2010/2011), IAC 202 cultivar with 100% organic ferti­lizer has obtained higher yield and profitability. Additional keywords: agro-industrial waste; Oryza sativa L.; profitability; total operating cost.

The study was carried out to determine the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on tomato yield and soil quality. The study was performed in a randomized complete block design consisting of 7 treatments with 3 replications in the research farm, Shaikh Zayed University, Khost, Afghanistan. The fertilizers treatments were T1, organic fertilizer (5 t/ha); T2, organic fertilizer (10 t/ha); T3, urea (150 Kg/ha); T4, urea (200 Kg/ha); T5, mixed fertilizers (organic fertilizer 3 t/ha + urea (100 Kg/ha); T6, mixed fertilizers (organic fertilizer 6 t/ha + urea (70 Kg/ha) and T7 a control. Results indicate that applications of inorganic fertilizers with a combination of organic fertilizers increased tomato yield and improves the nutrient status of the soil. T5 showed the highest yield of tomato and followed by T4 treatment, which were 33.1 and 31.7 t/ha respectively. The lower yield were obtained in T7 and T1 treatments. The highest plant heights (205.0 and 199.0 cm) were obtained in T5 and T4 respectively, while the lowest plant heights were obtained in T1 treatment and followed by T7 treatment. Similarly, we found that a combination of both inorganic and organic fertilizers application also is the best strategy to improve soil nutrients, maintain soil fertility. Soil P2O5 and K2O, where the highest amounts were obtained in T5 and followed by T6, which were 26.5, 22.5 and 44.5 and 41.5 mg/L respectively. The control treatment had the lowest amount of P2O5 and K2O. Therefore, this study suggests that an appropriate amount of organic fertilizer with inorganic fertilizer not only increased tomato yield but also improve soil fertility.

The organic fertilizer derived from herbal medicine waste in both bulk and liquid form is rich in macro and micro nutrients as well as decomposing microbes and probiotic bacteria needed to improve soil chemical properties. These fertilisers can be used to obtain better growth of rubber seedlings, especially rubber seedlings of sleeping eye origin. The objectives of this study was(1) to determine the effect of organic fertilizer and liquid bulk herbs Against Waste growth and (2) to know nutrient uptake of N, P, and K seedling stum Sleep eye. The study was conducted in a 4 x 3 factorial experiment arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five replications. The first factor is the concentration of organic liquid fertilizer consisting of four in the standard: h0 = 0 ml L-1 of air (0%); h1 = 2 ml L-1 air (0.2%); h2 = 4ml L-1 air (0.4%); h3 = 6ml L-1 air (0.6%). The second factor is the dose of organic fertilizer consists of three levels: (b0 = 0 mg ha-1: b1 = 5 mg ha-1: b2 = 10 Mg ha-1). Data were analyzed with Analysis of Variant and continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test 5% level. The results showed that the dosage of bulk organic fertilizers was significantly different at the level of 5% of the uptake of nitrogen, other observations were not significantly different. While the treatment of liquid organic fertilizer was highly significantly different at the level of 1% of nitrogen absorption, other observations were not significantly different. No real effect on their interaction in all observations. The treatment dose of organic fertilizer 5 Mg ha-1 and the treatment of liquid organic fertilizer 4 ml L-1 provided the highest results in leaf area of 586.46 cm2 per plant compared to the control treatment of 181.06 cm2 per plant. The treatment of bulk organic fertilizer dose and liquid organic fertilizer concentration predicted P2O5 nutrient uptake per rubber plant did not show significant differences. While the treatment of doses of bulk organic fertilizer and concentrations of liquid organic fertilizer is thought to be potassium nutrient uptake per rubber plant does not show significant differences, but can be seen from the growth of diameter, number of leaves, and leaf area.