EXPECTATIVAS ACADÉMICAS SEGUNDO O GÉNERO DOS ESTUDANTES PORTUGUESES DO PRIMEIRO ANO DO ENSINO SUPERIOR

Choosing a major involves the interplay of personal characteristics and contextual variables, two key elements of academic selection. The relationships between major choice (MC) and academic expectations (AEs) can highlight the processes evolved in the transition to higher education. We examined, across genders, the relationships between factors influencing MC and AEs among students pursuing social sciences (SocSci) and STEM careers. With a sample of first-year Spanish (n = 750) and Portuguese (n = 594) university students (Mdn = 18 years), we tested a model with two factors of a scale of determinants of career choice, named Perceived Personal Characteristics Influences (PPCIs) and Perceived Mediating Agent Influences (PMAIs), as predictors of five from an AEs questionnaire. The model invariance testing across gender and fields of study followed the examination of its factorial structure counterpart invariance across countries, fields of study, and gender. Factor means tests revealed negligible differences between women and men regarding PPCIs and PMAIs in STEM, while in SoSci, women displayed higher PPCIs than men. In STEM, they had lower expectations for training benefits to employability. In addition, women expressed higher expectations for political participation and citizenship than men, with a discrepancy that was higher in SoSci than in STEM. The regression model showed similar slopes between genders in both fields of study, with PPCIs being better predictors of AEs than PMAIs in SoSci, but not in STEM. PPCIs predicted better Training for Employment in STEM than in SoSci, and also Political Engagement and Citizenship in SoSci than in STEM. Results showed that women value personal characteristics more than men in SoSci, and their STEM choice is driven, possibly, by individual characteristics that foster greater self-determination and self-concept, non-differentiating them from men. Gender indifferentiation on PMAIs contradicts the belief that women attribute more relevance to others in their vocational choices. According to gender stereotypes, women have greater political and civic engagement, especially in SoSci, while men have higher AEs for job training. Contrary to previous results, no gender differences in career choices and educational expectations were found among STEM students. Furthermore, in STEM, PPCIs were weaker predictors of political engagement and citizenship, possibly due to the stereotypical portrayal of professional activities in this field.

BackgroundParents are responsible not only for the genetic structure of their children, but also for passing onto them their behaviours and attitudes toward life. The aim of this study was to analyse the connection between school-age children's obesity and that of their parents as well as between child obesity and parents' educational level, as a proxy indicator of the socio-economic status (SES) of families in Tuscany.MethodsThe children sample was selected from "OKkio alla Salute 2010" (a cross sectional survey carried out by the Italian Institute of Health) and consisted of 1,751 (922 males and 855 females) 8-9 year-old school children. Weight and height were measured by ad hoc trained personnel, and Body Mass Index (BMI) categories were calculated using Cole et al.'s cut-off. Parents' weight, height and educational level were collected by a self-administered questionnaire. The educational levels were classified as high, medium and low.ResultsThe prevalence of obese children increased along the parents' BMI category: from 1.4% for underweight mothers to 30.3% for obese mothers and from 4% for under-normal-weight fathers to 23.9% for obese fathers (p < 0.001). An inverse relationship was observed between the parents' educational level and child obesity, the lowest educational level corresponding to the highest prevalence of obese children: 9.3% for mothers with a low educational level compared to 5.8% for mothers with a high educational level (p = 0.15); similarly, the corresponding prevalence for fathers was 9.5% compared to 4.5% (p = 0.03).ConclusionParents' obesity and the cultural resources of the family, particularly the father's, seem to influence the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Tuscan children.

Academic expectations are an important variable in the explanation of adaptation and academic success in higher education. This paper uses latent profile analysis as a person-centered statistical approach to classify students into groups of similar types of expectations for higher education, at the beginning of the first year in university. Participants were 2,478 first-year Portuguese students. Based on the scores of seven dimensions of expectations, we identified six classes of students. Most students (84%) presented moderate levels of expectations, while 8% and 4%, respectively, reported very high and low expectations. One class represented a group of students (4%) with high expectations for the quality of education and for political engagement and citizenship and lower expectations for social interaction and attending to social pressures. Male and older students showed more positive expectations. Students from privileged family backgrounds are more likely to present higher expectations for political engagement and citizenship experiences, and lower expectations for social interaction and leisure and attending to social pressures. Keywords: latent profile analysis; person-centered; expectations; higher education; first-year students

:Background:Injury risk during childhood and adolescence vary depending on socio-economic factors. The aim of this study was to study if the risk of fatal and non-fatal unintentional injuries among foreign-born children was similar across parental educational level or not. Methods:In this retrospective cohort study we followed 907,335 children between 1961 and 2007 in Sweden. We established the cohort by linkage between Swedish national registers including cause of death register and in-patient register, through unique Personal Identification Numbers. The main exposure variable was parental (maternal and paternal) educational level. The cohorts was followed from start date of follow-up period, or date of birth whichever occurred last, until exit date from the cohort, which was date of hospitalization or death due to unintentional injury, first emigration, death due to other causes than injury or end of follow-up, whichever came first. We calculated hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) by Cox proportional hazards regression models.Results:Overall, we found 705 and 78,182 cases of death and hospitalization due to unintentional injuries, respectively. Risk of death and hospitalization due to unintentional injuries was statistically significantly 1.48 (95% CI: 1.24-1.78) and 1.10 (95% CI: 1.08-1.12) times higher among children with lowest parental educational level (9 years and shorter years of study) compared to children with highest parental educational level (+13 years of study). We found similar results when stratified our study group by sex of children, by maternal and paternal educational level separately, and injury type (traffic-related, fall, poisoning, burn and drowning).Conclusions:It seems injury prevention work against unintentional injuries is less effective among children with low parental education compared with those with higher parental education. We recommend designing specific preventive interventions aiming at children with low parental education.

BackgroundA low level of education and the migration background of parents are associated with the development of caries in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a higher educational level of parents can overcome risks for the development of caries in immigrants in Vienna, Austria.MethodsThe educational level of the parents, the school type, and the caries status of 736 randomly selected twelve-year-old children with and without migration background was determined in this cross sectional study. In children attending school in Vienna the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index was determined. For statistical analysis, a mixed negative-binomial-model was used.ResultsThe caries status of the children with migration background was significantly worse compared to that of the native Viennese population. A significant interaction was found between migration background and the educational level of the parents (p = 0.045). No interaction was found between the school type and either the migration background (p = 0.220) or the education level of the parents (p = 0.08). In parents with a higher scholarly education level, migration background (p < 0.01) and school type (p = 0.018) showed an association with DMFT values. In parents with a low education level, however, migration background and school type had no significant association with DMFT values.ConclusionThese data indicate that children with a migration background are at higher risk to acquire caries than other Viennese children, even when the parents have received a higher education.

This research aims to analyze the influence of socio-economic status and parental education level on the motivation of Class XII students at Yaspib Bontolempangan High School to continue their studies at university. In this study, socio-economic status was measured based on parents' employment and income, while parents' education level was seen from the last level of education completed. The research method used is a quantitative method by collecting data through direct observation at schools, distributing questionnaires to students, and documentation. Data analysis was carried out using multiple linear regression to determine the relationship between these variables and students' motivation to continue their education to the next level. The research results indicate that although socio-economic status and the level of parents' education have an impact on students' motivation to continue their studies in several other studies, this research found the opposite. It shows that there is no significant influence of socio-economic status and parents' education level on students' motivation to pursue higher education, either partially or in relation to each variable. This study suggests that other factors may have a greater influence on the decision of 12th-grade students at Yaspib Bontolempangan High School to continue their studies at a university.

This research is motivated by the still low number of students who continue their studies to higher education in Tulungagung, Indonesia. This can be seen in the attitude of students who do not show interest in the compilation of high school choices presented by the teachers. The purpose of this article is threefold. First, this article aims to elucidate how the level of household economics is related to the decision to enroll in higher education. The second research objective is to find whether the parental level of education has an impact on the decision to continue in higher education. Third, this study aims to understand whether the combined influence of household economic level and parental level of education influences the decision of studying higher education. This paper relies on questionnaires conducted in the class X SMK SIANG Tulungagung during the academic year 2019/20 as a method of data collection. The data analysis techniques include validity, reliability, classic assumption tests, multiple linear regression and hypothesis testing. The results of the data analysis show that: (1) the value of t arithmetic in the variable (X1) ‘analysis of the household economic’ of 2.148 &lt;t table are 2.004. Thus, it can be concluded that there are significant differences in how the household economic level influences the decision to go to college. (2) The value of t arithmetic on the variable (X2) ‘level of parental education’ of 2,200&gt; t table is 2,006. College. (3) The test results obtained through calculating the F value of 4.970&gt; from F table are 3.16. College.

Although universities have undergone changes since the dawn of their existence, the speed of change started to accelerate remarkably in the 1960s. Spectacular growth in the number of students and faculty was immediately followed by administrative reforms aimed at managing this growth and managing the demands of students for democratic reform and societal relevance. Since the 1980s, however, an entirely different wind has been blowing along the academic corridors. The fiscal crisis of the welfare states and the neoliberal course of the Reagan and Thatcher governments made the battle against budget deficits and against government spending into a political priority. Education, together with social security and health care, were targeted directly. As the eighties went on, the neoliberal agenda became more radical—smaller state and bigger market—attacking the public sector itself through efforts to systematically reduce public expenditure by privatizing public services and introducing market incentives. At the

Background: The establishment of the National Health Insurance program in Taiwan in 1995 effectively removed the financial barrier to access health care services of Taiwanese people. This population-based cohort study aimed to determine the independent and joint effects of parental education and area urbanization on the mortality risk among children under the universal health insurance coverage in Taiwan since 1995. Methods: We linked 1,501,620 births from 1996 to 2000 to the Taiwan Death Registry to estimate the neonatal, infant, and under-five mortality rates, according to the levels of parental education and urbanization of residential areas. We used a logistic regression model that considers data clustering to estimate the independent and joint effects. Results: Lower levels of parental education and area urbanization exerted an independent effect of mortality on young children, with a stronger magnitude noted for areas with lower levels of urbanization. Children whose parents had lower levels of education and who were born in areas with lower levels of urbanization experienced the highest risk for neonatal (odds ratio (OR) = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.46–1.76), infant (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.48–1.70), and under-five (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.61–1.82) mortality. Conclusions: Even with universal health insurance coverage, lower levels of area urbanization and parental education still exerted independent and joint effects on mortality in young children. This finding implies the inadequate accessibility to health care resources for children from socially disadvantaged families and less urbanized areas.

Studies linking the quality of parent-adolescent relationships with young adult health outcomes could inform investments to support these complex relationships. To evaluate whether consistently measured, modifiable characteristics of parent-adolescent relationships are associated with young adult health across multiple domains. This cohort study used data from waves I (1994-1995; ages 12-17 years) and IV (2008-2009; ages 24-32 years) of the US National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Of 20 745 adolescents enrolled in wave I, 15 701 of 19 560 who were eligible completed wave IV (response rate, 80.3%). Data analyses were conducted from February 2019 to November 2020. Parental warmth, parent-adolescent communication, time together, relationship and communication satisfaction, academic expectations, and maternal inductive discipline as reported at wave I by adolescent participants. Wave IV participant-reported self-rated health, depression, stress, optimism, nicotine dependence, substance abuse symptoms (alcohol, cannabis, or other drugs), unintended pregnancy, romantic relationship quality, physical violence, and alcohol-related injury. Separate regression models were run for mother-adolescent and father-adolescent relationships while controlling for age, biological sex, race and ethnicity, parental educational level, family structure, and child maltreatment experiences. A total of 10 744 participants (mean [SD] age at wave IV, 28.2 [1.8] years; 52.0% female; 67.3% non-Hispanic White) and 8214 participants (mean [SD] age at wave IV, 28.2 [1.8] years; 50.8% female; 71.9% non-Hispanic White) had valid sampling weights and complete data for mother-adolescent and father-adolescent relationship characteristics, respectively. Adolescents who reported higher levels of mother-adolescent warmth (β = 0.11 [95% CI, 0.06-0.15]), communication (β = 0.02 [95% CI, 0.00-0.04]), time together (β = 0.07 [95% CI, 0.05-0.09]), academic expectations (β = 0.05 [95% CI, 0.02-0.08]), relationship or communication satisfaction (β = 0.07 [95% CI, 0.04-0.10]), and inductive discipline (β = 0.03 [95% CI, 0.01-0.05]) reported significantly higher levels of self-rated general health in young adulthood. Adolescents who reported higher levels of father-adolescent warmth (β = 0.07 [95% CI, 0.03-0.11]), communication (β = 0.03 [95% CI, 0.01-0.05]), time together (β = 0.06 [95% CI, 0.03-0.08]), academic expectations (β = 0.04 [95% CI, 0.01-0.06]), and relationship satisfaction (β = 0.07 [95% CI, 0.04-0.10]) also reported significantly higher levels of self-rated general health in young adulthood. Adolescents reporting higher levels of all exposures also reported significantly higher levels of optimism and romantic relationship quality in young adulthood (β coefficient range, 0.02 [95% CI, 0.00-0.04] to 0.24 [95% CI, 0.15-0.34]) and lower levels of stress and depressive symptoms (β coefficient range, -0.07 [95% CI, -0.12 to -0.02] to -0.48 [95% CI, -0.61 to -0.35]). Higher levels of parental warmth, time together, and relationship or communication satisfaction were significantly associated with lower levels of nicotine dependence (odds ratio range, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.72-0.85] to 0.89 [95% CI, 0.81-0.98]) and substance abuse symptoms (incidence rate ratio range, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.50-0.73] to 0.94 [95% CI, 0.89-0.99]), as well as lower odds of unintended pregnancy (odds ratio range, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.74-0.88] to 0.93 [95% CI, 0.86-0.99]). Patterns were less consistent for physical violence and alcohol-related injury. Characteristics of mother-adolescent and father-adolescent relationships were similarly associated with young adult outcomes. The findings of this cohort study suggest that adolescents' positive perceptions of their relationships with their mothers and fathers are associated with a wide range of favorable outcomes in young adulthood. Investments in improving parent-adolescent relationships may have substantial benefits for young adult population health.

Emerald Studies in Higher Education, Innovation and Technology seeks to provide a multifaceted and interdisciplinary approach to these interconnected topics and invites proposals from all scholars working in these fields. The underlying purpose of this series is to demonstrate how innovations in education, educational technology and teaching can advance research and practice and help us respond to socio-economic changes and challenges. The series has a broad scope, covering many topics, including but not limited to learning analytics, open and distributed learning, technology enhanced learning, digital pedagogies, data mining, virtual and augmented realities, cloud computing, social media, educational robotics, flipped classrooms, active learning, innovation networks and many more.

Introduction Healthy sleep is crucial for children's development. The literature suggests that higher parental education is associated with longer child sleep duration. However, little is known about how family education level affects children’s sleep patterns in Chile. We aimed to investigate the relationship between parental education level and sleep patterns and sleep duration during the week and on weekends. Methods Two hundred and fifty-eight participants (6-13 years; 50% girls) were included in this cross-sectional study. Data collected were parent-reported and included: educational level of the household head, categorized as no schooling or primary school, secondary school, technical or higher (graduate) college degree, bedtime, midpoint of sleep and sleep duration on weekdays and weekends. General linear models were tested to calculate adjusted differences between parental education level categories, adjusted for age and gender, followed by a Tukey post hoc test. Results We found that higher parental education level was significantly associated with advancing children’s bedtime on weekends (P = 0.007). Participants whose parents had a secondary school degree postponed their weekend bedtime by 0.36 hours (95% CI: 0.11, 0.61) compared to those whose parents had a technical or higher college degree. We also found that higher parental education level was significantly associated with advancing children’s weekend midpoint of sleep (P = 0.044). Specifically, the weekend midpoint of sleep was earlier (−0.29 h; 95% CI: −0.06, −0.53) for participants whose parents had a technical or higher college degree than for parents with a secondary school degree. Surprisingly, we found that lower parental education was associated with children sleeping longer on weekends (P = 0.026). In detail, participants whose parents had no schooling or primary education had 0.45 h longer weekend sleep duration (95% CI: 0.04, 0.87) compared to those whose parents had secondary school level. Conclusion Higher parental education level was associated with earlier weekend sleep patterns in children. However, lower parental education levels were associated with children sleeping longer on weekends. These results could be useful for the development of parenting programs targeting different levels of education to promote optimal sleep duration and time, as well as the well-being of Chilean children. Support (if any)

Background Evidence links sedentary behaviours (SB) with poorer health outcomes; i.e. higher screen time is associated with poorer fitness and cardiometabolic health, as well as unfavourable measures of adiposity, mental health and social behaviour in children. The WHO guidelines for children recommend reaching at least an average of 60 min per day of physical activity (PA). Several studies show a correlation between parental education (PE) and children PA levels. This study aims to analyse the influence that PE has on childrens' sedentary lifestyle and PA habits in Italian society. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis among 428 children aged 6-11 recruited in a primary school of Calderara di Reno (Italy) in 2017. Children's and parents' information were collected at baseline (i.e. age, BMI, occupation, instruction). PA level and SB were evaluated using a weekly diary investigating screen time (PC and TV), sports practice and active play (i.e: running, jumping, riding a bike, etc.). We investigated the relationship between lifestyles and PE (high school degree or lower vs college degree or higher) through multiple linear regression models adjusted for age and gender. Results Our models show that fathers' educational level is not related to children's SB. PA habits and weekly sports activities are not related to PE. On the other hand, higher mothers' educational level shows to be linked to a decreased TV screen time (p = 0.003) and time spent using a computer (p = 0.035). Notably, older children spend more time using PCs or devices (p = 0.001), net of confounding variables. Conclusions Our findings show that mothers' educational level positively influences children's lifestyle. This result might be related to the fact that, in the Italian context, mothers are usually the principal children's caregiver influencing their daily routine. In light of this, mothers might be considered a primary target when implementing public health interventions to reduce children's SB. Key messages Higher mothers’ educational level is positively associated with healthier lifestyles in children, in particular in determining a less sedentary behaviour. Fathers' degree of education does not display any impact on children's attitude toward sports and PA.

Objective: Only limited and conflicting information is available regarding the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and narrative abilities. Besides, the role fathers' SES plays in the development of their children's narrative abilities has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between fathers' and mothers' SES and narrative abilities of their children assessed with the Italian version of the Bus Story Test (I-BST). Subjects and Methods: A total of 505 normally developing Italian children were enrolled in the study. Information regarding parents' educational level and employment was collected for each child. Narrative abilities were evaluated using the I-BST. The relationships between parents' employment, educational level, and I-BST scores were analyzed by univariate and multivariate regression analysis. Results: In univariate analysis, both fathers' and mothers' education and employment were associated with most I-BST subscale scores, especially when higher educational and employment levels were contrasted with the lowest educational and employment levels. In multiple regression analysis, significant associations were found only between the fathers' working status and educational level and I-BST subscale scores. Conclusions: Parental education and employment might impact narrative abilities of children. When both fathers' and mothers' SES variables are considered together, only fathers' education and working status seemed to be associated with I-BST scores.

An empirical test of a model of academic expectations among youth in residential care