Expanding Conceptualization of Listening Codes Through Cultural-Rhetorical Analysis of U.S. Regional Listening Values

In this study, I consider ways that identification with diverse generational cultures might impact conceptualization of what it means to listen well. Using an online survey, I employ the Revised Listening Concepts Inventory (LCI-R) to explore listening cognitive constructs. Based on 433 survey responses gathered between 2016 and 2019 in the Pacific Northwest, Upper Midwest, and Rocky Mountain Range regions of the United States, I found differences between Generation Z and Generation X on learning, relationship building, and evaluative listening cognitive constructs, as well as differences on the evaluative listening cognitive construct between Generation Z and members of all other generations, including Millennial, Generation X, and Boomer cultural cohorts. Based on these initial findings, I suggest that listening scholars pursue future research with cross-generational listening expectations and listening practitioners be attentive to intergenerational differences that inflect our communicative values and behaviors.

Postfire erosional processes in the Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountain regions

Differential insect and mammalian response to Late Quaternary climate change in the Rocky Mountain region of North America

Dairy Cattle Culling Patterns, Explanations, and Implications

The problem of conifer species migration lag in the Pacific Northwest region since the last glaciation

Braun, L. C., Gillman, J. H., Hoover, E. E. and Russelle, M. P. 2011. Nitrogen fertilization for young established hybrid hazelnuts in the Upper Midwest of the USA. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 907–918. Hybrids of Corylus avellana, C. americana and C. cornuta are proposed as a new crop for the Upper Midwest. Anecdotal information from midwestern growers suggests that these hybrid hazelnuts have high N requirements, but this has not been confirmed in replicated trials. Current nitrogen (N) recommendations for hazelnut production are based on research from the Pacific Northwest and may not be applicable to these hybrids in the Upper Midwest due to differing soils, climate, genetics, and growing systems. Three years of N rate trials on four plantings, that were 3 to 6 yr old at the start, showed that N responses of hybrid hazelnuts fit patterns for other woody crops: no N responses were found on soils with high organic matter, nor on soils with suspected P or K deficiencies. Where N responses were observed, they suggested that the N requirements of hybrid hazelnuts in the Upper Midwest are relatively low compared with those of European hazelnuts in the Pacific Northwest. Leaf N concentrations were within the expected ranges established for European hazelnuts in Oregon, suggesting that Oregon's standards may be applied to hybrid hazelnuts, except that 2.2% leaf N should be considered adequate, rather than a threshold to sufficiency.

<i>Cryptococcus gattii</i>, Florida, USA, 2011

Prevalence of parasitism in client-owned dogs determined by fecal examinations in the Pacific northwest, United States, in 2021-2023.

This study evaluated the long term changes (trend and step) and investigated the possible influences of two indicators of oceanic-atmospheric climate variability, i.e., sea surface temperatures and 500 mbar geopotential height index, on 864 unimpaired water year streamflows in the continental United States. Two nonparametric tests, i.e. Mann-Kendall and Pettitt test, were used to evaluate the changes. Singular value decomposition (SVD) was used to evaluate the association between oceanic-atmospheric indices and streamflow. The change results indicated increasing streamflow patterns in the eastern United States and dominant, decreasing streamflow trends in the Pacific Northwest and South Atlantic Gulf regions with statistically significant step changes occurring during the early 1970s and 1980s. SVD results showed the Pacific SSTs had strong correlations with the Midwest and southern South Atlantic-Gulf and Pacific Northwest regions, whereas the Atlantic SSTs showed strong correlations with New England, South Atlantic-Gulf, and Upper and Lower Colorado regions.

The Rocky Mountain and Inland Pacific Northwest Region is made up of two Land Resource Regions (LRRs)—the Rocky Mountain Range and Forest Region (LRR E) and the Northwestern Wheat and Range Region (LRR B). Soils of these LRRs encompass 694,130 km2 in eight western states and have formed in an extremely wide range of parent materials, vegetation, climate, and terrain attributes. As a result, soil properties across the region vary considerably. The climate throughout much of this region is generally dry but can change dramatically with elevation. Overall, precipitation is limited during the growing season and most soils have aridic, xeric, or ustic soil moisture regimes. Temperature regimes are also closely tied to elevation and range from mesic to gelic. Because of the extreme climatic variations, grassland, shrubland, and forest communities may all be found across a relatively small geographic area. This region is home to some of the most dramatic landscapes found in the USA including lava flows, high plateaus, deep canyons, foothills, and rugged mountains. Many of the landscapes were glaciated or affected by periglacial processes and are therefore relatively young. Holocene volcanic eruptions have influenced many soils of the region as well. Mollisols and Aridisols are the dominant soil orders, but Alfisols, Andisols, Entisols, and Inceptisols are also well represented. This chapter describes the general distribution of soils across the Rocky Mountain and Inland Pacific Northwest Region and their characteristics. The role of the soil-forming factors—parent material, climate, organisms, relief, and time—in the development of the region’s soils is emphasized along with the soil and environmental factors influencing land use and management.

Don't you see that we can never escape the results of a sin? We have to bear and suffer them always. (Ella Higginson, Marietta of Out-West) (1) When we scan a list of U.S. authors who were asked to contribute to a collection of written tributes honoring the 1904 centenary of Nathaniel Hawthorne's birth, it is perhaps unsurprising to see names of women closely identified with New England such as, for example, Katharine Lee Bates, Mary E. Wilkins Freeman, and M. Alphonsa Lathrop (Rose Hawthorne Lathrop). (2) However, we might not necessarily anticipate that such a list would include a female author from what was then the far Pacific Northwest. (3) Indeed, that Pacific Northwest author Ella Rhoads Higginson (1862?-1940) was invited to pay written homage to Hawthorne may inform our impressions regarding both U.S. literary regionalism and Hawthorne's literary influence. Later in this essay I will turn to the Hawthorne tribute that Higginson wrote, but I wish to begin my discussion by focusing our attention on the role that Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter played in Higginson's writing. In her early twentieth-century novel Marietta of Out-West (1902), Higginson revisited and recast the later life of the adulterous woman that had been scripted half a century earlier by Hawthorne in The Scarlet Letter (1850). In this essay I break new ground by uncovering this previously unrecognized rewriting and by arguing for a pivotal relationship between The Scarlet Letter and Pacific Northwest women's literary regionalism. I maintain that Higginson's deliberate turn to The Scarlet Letter--that eminent U.S. novel set in the New England region-fundamentally guided her endeavor to determine how, in contrast, the Pacific Northwest region might function in a U.S. novel beyond employment as a geographic setting. Higginson's use of The Scarlet Letter also enabled her more precisely to recognize and to characterize Pacific Northwest white women. (4) The analysis that follows consists of three parts. I first acquaint readers with Higginson, Pacific Northwest literary regionalism, and Mariella. I next detail and analyze Higginson's literary response in Mariella to The Scarlet Letter through the lens of civic myth. I conclude with the implications of Higginson's revision of Hawthorne and Higginson's later return to The Scarlet Letter for the centennial of Hawthorne's birth. I Ella Higginson was an award-winning U.S. author of literary regional writing in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. (5) She was, as Nina Baym recently noted, the best-known Pacific Northwest woman writer of her (284), extensively praised nationally and internationally for the quality of her writing. Higginson primarily wrote poetry and short fiction, but also newspaper columns, nonfiction, a novel, and screenplays. Her writing employed a range of tones--dramatic, humorous, and ironic. Her primary publisher was Macmillan, though she also had several books published by small Pacific Northwest presses. (6) In her day Higginson and her writing attracted international literary attention to the Pacific Northwest region. However, by the time she died in 1940 both she and her work were almost completely forgotten. Despite extensive recovery of US women's writing in recent decades, they remain virtually forgotten today. As Baym's comment indicates, a quality that particularly distinguished Higginson's writing during her lifetime was her locating her work in the Pacific Northwest. The majority of Higginson's writings are set in the states of Oregon and Washington, with infrequent forays into Alaska, British Columbia, and Idaho. (7) During this time, the Pacific Northwest region was thinly populated, remote, and largely male, a place in which white women were more readily granted enfranchisement and about which Eastern readers manifested keen curiosity. (8) This region became the fundamental public marker of Higginson's literary identity as well as one of her principal literary devices. …

Animals frequently undergo periods when they accumulate lipid reserves for subsequent energetically expensive activities, such as migration or breeding. During such periods, daily lipid-reserve dynamics (DLD) of sentinel species can quantify how landscape modifications affect function, health, and resilience of ecosystems. Aythya affinis (Eyton 1838; lesser scaup; diving duck) are macroinvertebrate predators; they migrate through an agriculturally dominated landscape in spring where they select wetlands with the greatest food density to refuel and accumulate lipid reserves for subsequent reproduction. We index DLD by measuring plasma-lipid metabolites of female scaup (n = 459) that were refueling at 75 spring migration stopover areas distributed across the upper Midwest, USA. We also indexed DLD for females (n = 44) refueling on a riverine site (Pool 19) south of our upper Midwest study area. We found that mean DLD estimates were significantly (P<0.05) less than zero in all ecophysiographic regions of the upper Midwest, and the greatest negative value was in the Iowa Prairie Pothole region (-31.6). Mean DLD was 16.8 at Pool 19 and was markedly greater than in any region of the upper Midwest. Our results indicate that females catabolized rather than stored lipid reserves throughout the upper Midwest. Moreover, levels of lipid catabolism are alarming, because scaup use the best quality wetlands available within a given stopover area. Accordingly, these results provide evidence of wetland ecosystem degradation across this large agricultural landscape and document affects that are carried-up through several trophic levels. Interestingly, storing of lipids by scaup at Pool 19 likely reflects similar ecosystem perturbations as observed in the upper Midwest because wetland drainage and agricultural runoff nutrifies the riverine habitat that scaup use at Pool 19. Finally, our results underscore how using this novel technique to monitor DLD, of a carefully selected sentinel species, can index ecosystem health at a landscape scale.

Summary Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) have sustained indigenous and immigrant populations alike since their arrival in North America. This brief overview focuses on the historical use of NTFPs in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and Upper Midwest. Drawing on sources as diverse as accounts by early European arrivals, archaeological evidence, and contemporary ethnobotanical studies, we touch on documented uses of forest vegetation from prehistory to the present century. The residents of these regions have used NTFPs for food, medicine, and cultural materials. NTFPs have met their livelihood needs through subsistence uses and both non-market and market exchanges. We conclude that in spite of U.S incorporation into a global market-based economy, there is notable continuity in the harvest and use of NTFPs in the United States from prehistory to current times.

The National Institutes of Health provided grants to the Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) and 14 other allopathic academic health centers for the development of curricula in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). A key component of the curriculum evaluation for OHSU was provided by a survey assessing attitudes toward CAM and selected personality characteristics of entering students in chiropractic, naturopathic, Oriental, and allopathic medicine in the Pacific Northwest and Upper Midwest. A survey containing a variety of assessments of attitudes toward CAM and the personality traits of adventurousness and tolerance to ambiguity was administered to students entering four Portland, Oregon doctoral-level health professional schools and an allopathic medical school in the Upper Midwest (University of Nebraska College of Medicine) during the 2004-2005 academic year. Students of naturopathy (n = 63) and Oriental Medicine (n = 71) were the most "CAM positive," adventurous and tolerant of ambiguity, and Midwestern allopathic medical students (n = 58) the least. In general, chiropractic students (n = 89) and allopathic medical students from the Pacific Northwest (n = 95) were intermediate in CAM attitudes between these two groups (all p < 0.05). Female students were more "CAM positive" in all schools compared to male students. Students have high levels of interest in CAM upon entrance to their schools. Health professional discipline, geographic location, personality qualities, and gender appear to influence CAM attitudes in entering students.

Estimating the density of questing Ixodes scapularis nymphs in the eastern United States using climate and land cover data.