Abstract
An experiment was done to explore the effects of two virtual display systems on the accuracy of exocentric distance judgment and position. Sixteen participants viewed animated virtual targets using either a head-mounted display (HMD) or a stereoscopic widescreen display (SWD). The virtual targets have been shown, one at a time, at three depth levels and with two corresponding exocentric distances and three target sizes at each target distance and, afterward, via pointing by holding a stick to estimate the exocentric distance and position of each target. The position data were collected using an OptiTrack motion capture system. The results showed that the accuracy of exocentric distance judgment was higher with the head-mounted displays than with the stereoscopic widescreen displays. In addition, higher position accuracy in the X-direction was obtained from the stereoscopic widescreen displays, whereas no significant difference was observed in position accuracy in the Y-direction. However, it is possible that the HMD could give better accuracy in both exocentric distance and position judgments in the frontal plane, if the HMD had been perfectly mounted and flawlessly fit the participant’s eyes. The result also revealed that exocentric distance judgment was significantly higher at the farthest target distances than at the nearest distance. Similarly, the position accuracy significantly increased as exocentric distance decreased. Moreover, engineers may allude to the findings as the evidence from the study suggests that the intermediate target distances might be fitting or ideal distances to design and structure 3D applications.
Highlights
Nowadays, more than an amusement platform, augmented reality (AR)/virtual reality (VR) can be utilized in a wide range of applications such as archeology, geography, and space tours where real-world access is not available, and to train employees where actual live training is greatly unsafe, for example, on-board offshore oil rigs, medical surgery training and diagnosis, and neuroscience [1].In Industry 4.0, cyber–physical systems (CPS) monitor physical processes, create a virtual replica of the physical world (Digital-Twin concept), and make autonomous decisions [2]
Reasoned that the accuracy of exocentric distance judgment might be enhanced with head-mounted display (HMD) rather than desktop displays, as HMDs are more advantageous than desktop displays in permitting information of deduced spatial relationships
We have shown the effects of VR displays on exocentric distance judgment and position accuracy, in a frontal plane
Summary
In Industry 4.0, cyber–physical systems (CPS) monitor physical processes, create a virtual replica of the physical world (Digital-Twin concept), and make autonomous decisions [2]. CPSs interact and collaborate in real-time with one another and humans across the value chain throughout the Internet of Things [2]. Romero et al [3] introduced the concept of Operator 4.0 in the context of human cyber–physical systems (H–CPS) as systems designed to improve human abilities, human physical sensing, and cognitive capabilities through different technologies, since Industry 4.0 without. Sci. 2020, 10, 1427 human beings would be unthinkable. Posada et al [4] elucidated that visual computing is a crucial technology to smooth human–machine interactions on various levels of smart production, where
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