Abstract
Over the past three decades, the goal of many researchers is analysis of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) as noninvasively obtained sample. A total quality in laboratory diagnostic processes in EBC analysis was investigated: pre-analytical (formation, collection, storage of EBC), analytical (sensitivity of applied methods, standardization) and post-analytical (interpretation of results) phases. EBC analysis is still used as a research tool. Limitations referred to pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical phases of EBC analysis are numerous, e.g. low concentrations of EBC constituents, single-analyte methods lack in sensitivity, and multi-analyte has not been fully explored, and reference values are not established. When all, pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical requirements are met, EBC biomarkers as well as biomarker patterns can be selected and EBC analysis can hopefully be used in clinical practice, in both, the diagnosis and in the longitudinal follow-up of patients, resulting in better outcome of disease.
Highlights
The main function of the lungs is respiratory function, i.e. respiratory gas exchange
According to Effros et al, exhaled breath condensate (EBC) consists of water vapour, and contains aerosol particles originating from the respiratory tract lining fluid (RTLF) from the lower airways [15]
The problem is more conspicuous in immunoassays, especially in commercial immunoassay kits, that neither are not validated for such low concentrations nor for the matrix of EBC sample [27]
Summary
The main function of the lungs is respiratory function, i.e. respiratory gas exchange. The lungs have other important non-respiratory functions The latter include the maintenance of a stable acid-base balance, immunological functions and metabolic activities. For direct assessment of inflammation invasive procedures to obtain bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), biopsy specimens, induced sputum are used in everyday practice. These procedures are used when strongly indicated, especially in young children [2,3]. ©Copyright by Croatian Society of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine
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