Ex-Ante Framework and Research Questions

Social institution changes and their ecological impacts in Kazakhstan over the past hundred years

Reviewed by: Social Change in Contemporary China: C. K. Yang and the Concept of Institutional Diffusion Czeslaw Tubilewicz (bio) Wenfang Tang and Burkart Holzner, editors. Social Change in Contemporary China: C. K. Yang and the Concept of Institutional Diffusion. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2007. 342 pp. Hardcover $60.00, ISBN 0–8229–4297–6. Softcover $26.95, 0–8229–5933–X. Edited books often suffer from a variation in the quality of the contributions, weak or missing conceptual/theoretical frameworks, and the absence of a clear focus or coherence. Wenfang Tang and Burkart Holzner seem determined to avoid at least some of these common pitfalls when editing Social Change in Contemporary China: C. K. Yang and the Concept of Institutional Diffusion by providing the contributors with a broad theme (social change in contemporary China) and a conceptual framework (institutional diffusion theory). At the same time, the book is intended as a tribute to C. K. Yang, a noted Chinese sociologist, whose publications (most notably North China Local Market Economy [1944] and Religion in Chinese Society [1961]) have long been considered classics in the study of contemporary Chinese society. To demonstrate the enduring influence of Yang's scholarship, the contributors have been encouraged to build upon Yang's ideas and conceptual frameworks when generating insights in understanding institutional change in contemporary China. At the first glance, Social Change in Contemporary China holds to its promise to deliver a focused and extensive analysis of social institutions and institutional change in China, as well as to highlight the continued relevance of Yang's scholarship. Divided into three parts and fourteen chapters, this edited volume directs readers' attention to Yang's scholarly work and his theory of institutions (part 1), the evolution of public institutions in China (part 2), and Chinese family and community (part 3). In Part 1, Burkart Holzner traces Yang's academic career (chapter 2), while Chong Chor Lau introduces key concepts and findings from Yang's scholarly publications (chapter 3), and Ambrose King and Lizhu Fan focus exclusively on Yang's study of religion in Chinese society (chapter 4). In part 2, Isabelle Thireau and Hua Linshan examine the responses of migrant workers in Shenzhen to the Labor Law (chapter 5); Thomas Rawski looks at the entrepreneurial culture in China (chapter 6); Zhanxin Zhang, Wang Feng, and Tianfu Wang analyze income inequality in urban China (chapters 7 and 8); Ka-Ho Mok investigates the marketization of higher education in China (chapter 9); and Rancee Lee writes about Chinese medicine in Hong Kong (chapter 10). Finally, in part 3, Deborah Davis considers male and female claims to domestic space and property (chapter 11); Yanjie Bian, Deborah Davis, and Shaoguang Wang measure the Chinese family's guanxi networks (chapter 12); Jieming Chen examines intergenerational transfer of resources in urban Chinese families (chapter 13); and Cho-yun Hsu analyzes ritual circles in Taiwan (chapter 14). [End Page 566] Even a cursory glance at the themes of particular chapters suffices to conclude that for a book that purports to reveal "social change in contemporary China," the choice of topics examined is puzzling. Far from attempting to reflect upon an evolution of key dimensions of Chinese society during the post-1978 reform era, the contributors follow their own research agendas, which lead them to scrutinize only selected elements of larger social phenomena. The odd inclusion of analyses of Chinese medicine in Hong Kong and religious circles in Taiwan—at best peripheral to the broad theme of this book—reinforces the impression that these are conference proceedings, rather than a project conceived to deliver a coherent and comprehensive examination of social change in present-day China. It could be argued that the editors—the title notwithstanding—have never intended to present a collection of essays analyzing broad social change in China. This has been done effectively by others (e.g., Stockman 2000, Gamer 2003). Tang's introductory chapter indicates that the book's objective is to extend Yang's concept of institutional diffusion to examine institutional (not social) change in contemporary China as a complex interaction among culture, market, bureaucracy, and modernization (hence the subtitle). Although, as Thireau and Hua pointedly note, the concept of...

Inuit circumpolar conference resolutions

PurposeThe authors enrich and extend the existing institutional anomie theory (IAT) in the hope of sharpening the understanding of the joint effects of selected cultural values and social institutional changes on women's pre-entrant entrepreneurial attempts. The authors theorize that women are culturally discouraged to pursue pre-entrant entrepreneurial attempts or wealth accumulation in a specific culture. This discouragement creates an anomic strain that motivates women to deviate from cultural prescriptions by engaging in pre-entrant entrepreneurial attempts at a faster speed. Building on this premise, the authors hypothesize that changes in social institutions facilitate the means of achievement for women due to the potential opportunities inherent in such institutional changes.Design/methodology/approachUsing a randomly selected sample of 1,431 registered active individual users with a minimum of 10,000 followers on a leading entertainment live-streaming platform in the People's Republic of China, the authors examined a unique mix of cultural and institutional changes and their effects on the speed of women's engagement in live-streaming platform activity.FindingsThe authors find support for the impact of the interaction between changes in social institution conditions and cultural values. Unexpectedly, the authors also find a negative impact of cultural values on women's speed of engaging in pre-entrant entrepreneurial attempts.Originality/valueThe authors add institutional change to the IAT framework and provide a novel account for the variation in the pre-entrant entrepreneurial attempts by women on the platform.

This article aims to examine the behavior of interpersonal interactions before and after digital media. The method of scientific articles uses descriptive qualitative methods through literature study, namely research based on literature studies and analysis of the development of problems in society. This study concludes that with interpersonal communication a person is more interested, so that creative ideas will grow for self-development. The presence of social media not only has an impact on interpersonal communication but also has an impact on interpersonal relationships. Social media has changed the attitude and style of a person, people who are initially friendly will experience changes to be ignorant of their surroundings because their attention has been diverted to social media. Changes in social relationships or changes as a balance (equilibrium) of social relations and all forms of changes in social institutions within a society, which affect the social system, including values, attitudes and behavior patterns among groups in society. Positive social changes such as obtaining information, obtaining social and economic benefits. Meanwhile, social changes that tend to be negative include social groups acting on behalf of religion, ethnicity and certain behavior patterns that sometimes deviate from existing norms.

Social movements have traditionally been defined as organized efforts to bring about social change (cf. Jenkins, 1983; McAdam and Snow, 1997:xviii–xxv; McCarthy and Zald, 1977:1217–18; Tarrow, 1998:4–6; Wilson, 1973:3–4). Yet, as several scholars have noted (Burstein, Einwohner, and Hollander, 1995; Giugni, 1998, 1999; Huberts, 1989; Lofland, 1993:347–8), whether and how they actually cause social change has received little attention. Social movement research has long focused on questions of emergence and participation. Some attention has been paid to immediate social movements outcomes but scant attention has focused of social movement change. By the latter, we mean the distinctive contribution of social movements to change net of ongoing changes and social processes. Many studies have examined the short-term or immediate outcomes of movements, for example, life course change (Fendrich, 1993; McAdam, 1988), policy enactment (Burstein, 1985; Burstein and Freudenberg, 1978; Costain, 1992), and policy implementation (Button, 1989; Handler, 1978), but few have placed these processes in a multivariate framework and controlled for the relevant societal influences. Most studies of movements have focused inward and have been "movement-centered" (Lofland, 1993:289–91), thus neglecting their possible impact on social change in the broader society. When movement outcomes have been studied, they have typically focused on immediate public policy effects and not the broader institutional and cultural changes central to long-term movement objectives. Understanding social movement change is central to political sociology because the field is defined as the study of social power (see chapter 1). Similarly, social movements are defined as organized efforts to bring about social changes in the distribution of power.

Social Entrepreneurship and COVID‐19

This paper analyses the impact of changes in social institutions, i.e. in the informal and formal social security system, on income inequality in China. This study uses an inequality decomposition analysis approach comparing household survey data for 1988 with 1995. Since 1992 was a decisive year for accelerating to increase the role of market mechanism in China, comparing these two periods shows significant changes in social institutions and their impacts on income inequality. It provides meaningful implications for inequality issues in the present China. In a first step the paper looks at the impact of changes in the family based social security system on income inequality. Secondly, the paper investigates the contribution of current social security system reforms as a potential tool to cope with increasing inequality. Three main results emerge from the analysis: first, the family based social security is losing its importance mainly through the changes in employment pattern in a household. This change has a significant impact on income inequality. Second, this study shows that the introduction of new formal social security system helped to equalise the distribution of retired household members’ income in urban areas. Third, however, these changes have only benefited a restricted number of persons. Benefits for rural migrants are low and most of the rural population has still no access to the new system. Important steps forward will be to raise the fund-pooling level, and to include nonfarming workers into the new system.

The world is facing challenges to reduce carbon emissions, the complex interplay between socioeconomic dynamics and environmental sustainability is of utmost importance. In the context of the BRICS nations-Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa-this study explores the intricate interactions between institutional entrepreneurship, institutional innovation, poverty reduction, social globalization, urbanization, and social entrepreneurship as well as their combined effects on the carbon footprint over the period of 1990 to 2021. This work examines the multi-dimensional interactions inside this nexus using a thorough analytical strategy that includes the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), Three-Stage Least Squares (3SLS), and Robust regression approaches. Institutional entrepreneurship and innovation are the main forces behind institutional change and may have an impact on how people behave in terms of the environment. Strategies for reducing poverty frequently involve greater resource usage, which has an impact on carbon footprint. Examining social globalization's impact on carbon footprints is necessary given how it affects consumer habits and economic activity. Rapid urbanization is a dual problem because it spurs both increased energy demand and novel sustainability measures. With its emphasis on community-driven solutions, social entrepreneurship can provide regional solutions to reduce poverty and carbon emissions. The study's findings provide policymakers, practitioners, and researchers with insights into the complex web of socio-economic factors that underlies carbon footprint fluctuations. This research paves the way for informed policy decisions, sustainable business practices, and the pursuit of harmonious development that addresses both economic aspirations and environmental imperatives within the BRICS countries by illuminating the connections between institutional entrepreneurship, innovation, poverty reduction, social globalization, urbanization, social entrepreneurship, and carbon emissions.

Digital social innovation: An overview and research framework

Social change is multi-dimensional which is measured against space, time, speed, direction, content and impact. Social change occurs because of culture, conflict, idealistic factors, the need for adaptation, environmental factors, economic and political factors, demographic changes, and social movements and change. The process of social change in contemporary Ethiopia is related to the history of transition of the country from the feudal system to the socialist revolutionary government and then to ethnic-based federal system of government. One of the social actions that contributed for the formation of new social order during the socialist regime in Ethiopia was the mass campaign against illiteracy through adult learning program. Post 1991 Ethiopia has entertained immense and rapid social changes reflected in the citizens socio-economic, political and cultural changes. Social work is supposedly responding to a social change process by unfolding and revisiting its teaching curricula and practice models to fit into the current needs of social change. According to advocates of structural social work, social change and social movements are the cores of social work action to overcome the root causes of injustice and oppression. In Ethiopia, like any other developing countries, social work is a very new profession. In contrast to the existing challenges of lack of professionalization of social work, there are promising efforts exerted in Ethiopia where social work becomes responsible for social change. However, social work in Ethiopia is in its early stage to evaluate its contribution for social change.

It is well known that human development is influenced by social change. In particular, as evidenced by research on German unification, the rapid change of social institutions can impact on various aspects of behaviour and development. Based on my own research experience in this field, I want to show the necessity for a better interdisciplinary collaboration, for more comparative research across divergent manifestations of social change, and for a strong orientation towards application. The address begins with a record of unwarranted assertions about the consequences of German unification. Following that, I discuss the role played by the change of social institutions in the timing of important psychosocial transitions during adolescence and young adulthood. Next, I present a conceptual model that informed our research on self-efficacy as a resource in mastering the new challenges. I conclude with suggestions concerning the development of interventions aimed at increasing people’s capabilities to capitalise on opportunities provided by profound change in social institutions. At each step, such research needs to be supported by comprehensive models of the interplay between context and the individual. I also underscore the role of ISSBD as a potential broker for new efforts in research and application in this regard.

The development of information technology brings a change in society. The birth of social media caused people's behavior patterns to experience a shift in existing culture, ethics, and norms. Indonesia, with its large population and diverse ethnic, racial, and religious cultures, has a lot of potential for social change. This article aims to analyze the consequences caused by social media and aims to ensure that social media can be used more wisely by using literature methods in the form of a literature review. The data analysis technique in this article is to collect library data from national and international journals that are relevant to information technology. The results and conclusions in this writing are that the existence of social media has influenced social life in society. Changes in social relationships or as changes to the balance (equilibrium) of social relationships and all forms of changes in social institutions in a society, which affect the social system, including values, attitudes, and behavioral patterns between groups in society. Positive social changes such as ease of obtaining and conveying information, obtaining social and economic benefits. Meanwhile, social changes tend to be negative, such as the emergence of social groups in the name of religion, ethnicity and certain behavioral patterns which sometimes deviate from existing norms

Social media is an online medium, with its users being able to easily participate, share, and create content including blogs, social networks, wikis, forums and virtual worlds. Blogs, social networks and wikis are the most common forms of social media used by people around the world. The positive impact of social media is that it makes it easier for us to interact with many people, expand relationships, distance and time are no longer a problem, easier to express ourselves, information dissemination can take place quickly, costs are cheaper. While the negative impact of social media is to keep people who are close and vice versa, face-to-face interactions tend to decrease, making people addicted to the internet, causing conflicts, privacy problems, vulnerable to bad influences from others. The existence of social media has influenced social life in society. Changes in social relationships or as changes to the balance (equilibrium) of social relations and all forms of changes in social institutions in a society, which affect the social system, including values, attitudes and behavior patterns among groups in society. Positive social changes such as the ease of obtaining and conveying information, obtaining social and economic benefits. Meanwhile, social changes tend to be negative, such as the emergence of social groups in the name of religion, ethnicity and certain behavioral patterns that sometimes deviate from existing norms.

Social change is any change in social institutions in a society, which affects its social system, including values, attitudes, and behavioral patterns among groups in society. Social changes have a huge influence on Islamic education in various aspects. This has particular implications that Islamic education as a social institution must be dynamic and open to various changes according to differences in socio-cultural loci and developments over time. Therefore, although historically Islamic education has shown its dynamism in responding to social change, many stereotypes are still attached to typical Islamic education institutions to this day, such as the narrowness of the curriculum, lack of professionalism of teaching staff, and scientific dichotomy.