Evolving Research Trends in Gender Equality Across Predominantly Muslim Nations

Contemporary gender norms and attitudes in Armenia have been shaped by a complex interplay of pre-Soviet traditional culture, the legacy of the Soviet socialist modernization project, and the post-Soviet spread of western ideas and values. The paper examines generational differences in gender norms and attitudes in Armenian society, by comparing three generational groups. The mixed-method analysis is based on quantitative and qualitative data, including the nationally-representative household-based Gender Barometer Survey conducted in 2014, as well as in-depth interviews and focus group discussions among members of different generational groups in Armenia during 2015-2020. The results of the factor analysis show considerable generational complexity in gender norms and attitudes. We find that the majority of Armenian society, regardless of gender and generation, strongly adheres to the core family values and the corresponding gendered family roles. At the same time, the analyses show that individuals who belong to the older generation, i.e., the generation whose socialization took place under Soviet rule, display the most conservative patriarchal gender attitudes. The middle generation, whose coming of age occurred during the period of the early radical post-Soviet transformation, demonstrate inconsistent gender attitudes: while adhering to conservative gender norms, they are also most dissatisfied with the state of gender equality and in some aspects, such as achievement of status and wealth, display considerable gender egalitarianism. Finally, the youngest generation generally subscribes to the most egalitarian attitudes, but this group is far from homogenous, demonstrating a sharp divide between urban dwellers, who are very egalitarian-minded, and rural ones, who are remarkably conservative. Notably, young women living in cities display by far the most egalitarian attitudes. Moreover, among men, the generation is not a significant predictor of the level of egalitarianism in gender attitudes, compared to education and area of residence (city/village). However, it has a more significant impact on women’s perception of the traditional gender scheme. We conclude with a discussion of the role of changes in gender norms and attitudes in a broader transformation of Armenian society.

Current comparative analyses of gender attitudes among adolescents largely focus on individual-level characteristics. Understudied is the role of women’s protest on adolescents’ gender attitudes. This paper investigates how women’s protests reported in national news shape young citizens’ gender attitudes across 32 countries. Using the IEA International Civic and Citizenship Study survey data (2009), we test whether women’s protests have a positive impact on egalitarian gender attitudes among adolescents. Our multi-level models demonstrate that girls are more egalitarian in their gender attitudes than boys. The gap between boys and girls changes depending on the level of gender equality in a country. In countries with lower gender equality, the gender gap increases slightly as the number of women’s protests increases, although the difference is not significant. In countries where gender equality is already high, the gender gap is significant at all levels of protest but narrows as protest increases. Our findings expand scholars’ understanding of how protest influences public opinion among young people and have important implications for how gender attitude change occurs and whether women’s protest serves as a tool for developing gender equality.

This bibliometric analysis explores the relationship between “gender budgeting” and “gender equality”, based on data retrieved from Scopus on September, 23rd 2024, using the query (TITLE-ABS-KEY ("Gender Budgeting") AND TITLE-ABS-KEY ("Gender Equality") AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English"). The study maps key thematic clusters using VOSviewer and R studio, focusing on the frequency and co-occurrence of terms. Gender budgeting (f=20) and gender equality (f=8) were the most prominent terms. Gender budgeting and gender equality are interconnected through exacerbated connections. Gender budgeting predominates in discussions, linking policy formulation, execution tactics, and socio-economic effects. Gender equality, conversely, progresses through academic discourse and fosters advancements in society gender policy. These interconnections underscore the necessity of comprehending and overcoming gender inequities in policy formulation.

On the malleability of gender attitudes: Evidence from implicit and explicit measures in Tunisia

The European Union (EU) has been characterized as a “gender regime” with its distinctive patterns of gender (in)equalities and path dependencies. Gender equality policies have developed as a genuine policy field over the past decades from a single treaty article to a comprehensive legal and political framework dealing with multiple sources of discrimination. Besides, gender equality policies are frequently linked to other political projects and policy goals. Gender equality is often presented as a foundational value of the EU with reference to the Treaties of Amsterdam and Lisbon. Research has pointed out that it is an important aspect of the foundational myth of the EU. The development of gender equality policies has been characterized by alternations between progress and stagnation. These policies are also met by resistance. However, a general conclusion is that EU institutions have been important catalysts in shaping women’s economic, political, and social equality in Europe and in putting equality rights into effect. Historical, political, and sociological interpretations of the EU’s gender equality policies illustrate these dynamics. Gender equality policies are described in terms of the following phases: the 1970s (associated with women’s civil and economic rights and equal treatment), the 1980s (equal opportunities, positive action), and the 1990s (gender mainstreaming in the whole union and for all policy areas). Since the 2000s, a fourth phase of new policies against multiple discrimination has been developing. These different stages of EU gender policy continue to coexist. When the Treaty of Amsterdam entered into force in 1999, the EU committed to a new approach to work for gender equality through mainstreaming. Gender equality and nondiscrimination became guiding legal principles of the union. The Treaty of Lisbon reflects core vaues of the EU such as democracy, human rights and gender equality. One can approach gender equality policies as situated between concerns for gender equality and multiple discrimination on the one hand and priorities of economy and finance on the other. Critical voices in the literature have pointed out that these priorities have outperformed ideas about gender equality. In the aftermath of the financial crisis, EU austerity policies represent a “critical juncture” that could undo the long-term progress achieved in gender equality in Europe. Besides, gender equality policies suffer from a gap between institutionalization on the one hand and a lack of consistency and full political commitment on the other. In a context of a more permanent crisis scenario in the EU, gender equality policies are undergoing transformations and they are subject to change to the worse. A key point is that dynamic gender relations, multiple discrimination, and women’s various roles in society matter for understanding the EU and European integration. This raises questions about the EU’s role as a driving force for gender equality and against multiple discrimination. What happened to gender equality policies and to gendered effects of other policies as a result of the various crises in the EU?

Empirical studies show that though there is more room for improvement, much progress has been made toward gender equality since the second wave of feminism. Evidence also suggests that women’s advancements have been more dramatic in the public sphere of work and politics than in the private sphere of family life. We argue that this lopsided gender progress may be traced to uneven changes in gender attitudes. Using data from more than 27,000 respondents who participated in the General Social Survey from 1977 through 2016, we show that gender attitudes have more than one underlying dimension and that these dimensions have changed at different rates over time. Using latent class analysis, we find that the distribution of respondents’ attitudes toward gender equality has changed over the past 40 years. There has been an increase in the number of egalitarians who support equality in public and private spheres, while the traditionals who historically opposed equality in both domains have been replaced by ambivalents who feel differently about gender equality in the public and private spheres. Meanwhile, successive birth cohorts are becoming more egalitarian, with Generation-Xers and Millennials being the most likely to hold strong egalitarian views. The feminist revolution has succeeded in promoting egalitarian views and decreasing the influence of gender traditionalism, but has yet to convince a substantial minority that gender equality should extend to both public and private spheres of social life

The aim of this dissertation was to analyse how knowledge about prostitution is produced and reproduced in ways that sustain the decades-long socio-legal status of prostitution and individuals engaged in sex work in Croatia. Additionally, the study explored the potential for policy transformation within the contemporary Croatian context. Given the persistence of the legal framework, the research included an overview of the historical, social, and normative contexts that shaped the introduction and continued reproduction of the criminalisation model. This historical-contextual overview served to illuminate the discursive foundations that continue to shape current institutional policies and public perceptions of prostitution, with particular emphasis on the continuity of symbolic constructions of female sexual deviance and the positioning of women as victims of male sexual domination. The methodological framework combines discourse analysis and narrative analysis. Discourse analysis was applied to legal documents and institutional narratives in order to examine how prostitution is problematised, for what purposes, and which alternative perspectives are silenced or excluded. Narrative analysis was employed to interpret the life stories of individuals engaged in sex work, allowing their lived experiences to be situated within the broader socio-legal and discursive context. This approach ensured that their voices were not treated merely as illustrations of theoretical claims, but as meaningful contributions to the co-construction of knowledge on prostitution. The findings reveal that the Croatian legal and institutional framework constructs prostitution simultaneously as gender-based violence and as deviant, punishable behaviour, placing individuals engaged in sex work in an ambivalent position—as both victims and offenders. This ambiguity is reflected in institutional practices that oscillate between paternalistic protection and punitive measures, often reinforcing stigma and excluding sex workers from rights and protections. Institutional narratives predominantly portray women as the default subjects of prostitution, often linked to coercion, addiction, and moral deviance, which perpetuates a stereotypical image and justifies the criminalisation of those operating in precarious conditions. Despite these reductive framings, institutional actors recognised the socio-economic circumstances that contribute to involvement in sex work. Most participants from law enforcement and judiciary institutions supported the legalisation of prostitution, citing European regulatory frameworks as desirable models. Policymakers were divided between decriminalisation and client criminalisation, reflecting broader feminist debates. Nonetheless, a relatively consistent position emerged across institutions: support for the decriminalisation of individuals who sell sexual services. In contrast, personal narratives offered a complex and heterogeneous perspective on prostitution. Participants described a range of experiences—from sex work as a survival strategy under conditions of socio-economic insecurity, to sex work as a form of labour or a space of sexual autonomy and exploration. These narratives challenge the institutional tendency to homogenise sex workers and underscore the need to recognise the diversity of motivations, experiences, and expectations. Regardless of how they understood their involvement in sex work, all participants identified the repressive legal framework as a central obstacle to accessing labour and social rights, healthcare, and protection. The impact of stigma was profound, extending beyond the individuals themselves to affect their families and social networks. The sociological contribution of this dissertation lies in its contextual and intersectional analysis of prostitution as a socially constructed phenomenon situated at the intersection of gender, sexuality, economic marginalisation, and structural power. The research demonstrates how these overlapping dimensions produce specific forms of vulnerability, visibility, and institutional exclusion, rooted in moralising discourses and selective access to rights and protection. By highlighting these dynamics, the study challenges essentialist and reductionist understandings of prostitution and argues for an approach that centres lived experience, structural inequalities, and the voices of those most affected. Methodologically, the study provides insight into conducting research with hidden and marginalised populations through ethically sensitive and participatory approaches. Narrative analysis, in particular, proved essential in enabling participants to shape the focus and tone of their stories, allowing their experiences to be understood on their own terms and recognised as valid contributions to sociological knowledge. This approach was instrumental in revealing the complex and often contradictory realities of sex work, which are routinely overlooked in institutional narratives. In conclusion, the research identifies a significant disjunction between institutional discourse and the lived realities of sex workers. However, it also highlights a shared orientation across institutional and experiential narratives: support for the decriminalisation of those engaged in selling sexual services. This consensus provides a clear starting point for the initial reform of prostitution policy in Croatia. Future policy development should build on this foundation through participatory, evidence-based approaches that incorporate the voices and experiences of sex workers, and align with contemporary standards of human rights, gender equality, and social justice.

Adolescence and Gender Equality in Health

The research sought to understand the reasons for the persistence of gender inequalities in Universal Primary Education (UPE) even after deliberate measures had been put in place to address them. This research was designed to take a balanced perspective of how inequalities result from the complex interaction between school and structural processes. I specifically focused on how educational gender inequalities result from individuals' pathways in response to the socio-economic impact of HIV/AIDS on their livelihoods. The research objectives revolved around issues relating to the impact of HIV/AIDS on household investment in education and teacher competence to promote gender equality. The impact of HIV/AIDS was also analysed in relation to other school specific factors such as classroom interaction and children's educational rights. Lastly, I underline the framework proposed for better understanding of gender equality in UPE.The first objective of the study was to establish how the effect of HIV/AIDS on the livelihoods of rural households conflicts with investment in girls' education. The findings reported in chapter 2 revealed that HIV/AIDS had depleted household members' access to livelihood assets particularly financial capital and human capital. This is due to the entrenchment of AIDS-induced poverty and AIDS orphanhood. It is well acknowledged that people in the study villages were already poor even before the onset of HIV/AIDS. However, judging from the life stories and other data collected, I noticed that HIV/AIDS has indeed added fuel to the fire. This fire does not stop burning at the household level but its impact is felt in all aspects of the society. The situation is not helped by the endurance of unequal power relations. The societal norms, values, beliefs, practices and patterns maintain a gendered household division of labour, decision-making and resource allocation. This gendered nature of social life silently influences individuals' pathways in response to HIV/AIDS impact. Synthesis of the data shows that people's pathways are not compatible with equality in general and girls' schooling in particular. For example, because households have lost productive labour due to illness and death, they are stressed with poor agricultural production and the associated food and income insecurity. The issue of how household responses or individual pathways to AIDS-related livelihood stress counteract the struggle for gender equality is the contribution of chapter 2 of this thesis to existing knowledge.The second objective was to find out the effect of household responses to the impact of HIV/AIDS on teacher competence to promote gender equality. I wanted to know how HIV/AIDS impact on rural household livelihoods had undermined teacher competence to promote gender equality. The findings reported in chapter 3 show that AIDS-related livelihood stress intervenes with teacher competence. Pupils in the context of HIV/AIDS face many livelihood problems including lack of learning materials, lunch, clothes, parents, and a favourable school environment. Some children affected and made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS are required to miss school often, or arrive later at school. Others are compelled to go without learning materials. Some children have only the evening meal at home because breakfast is not a norm in their households and there is no lunch at school. However, teachers are not aware of pupils' home situations. They expect children to be at the right place at the right time doing the right thing. Pupils in UPE schools complained about corporal punishment by teachers due to lack of materials or poor performance in classroom exercises. The question is whether teachers have the necessary competencies to promote gender equality in the context of HIV/AIDS. Synthesis of field data revealed a need to develop certain core competences for primary school teachers in light of the HIV/AIDS impact and this forms the major contribution of chapter 3 to the existing body of knowledge. Five competencies specifically identified in this research are Interpersonal competence, Pedagogical competence, Subject matter knowledge and methodological competence, AIDS competence, and Gender competence. Development of the identified competencies could possible through putting in place job profiles for teachers to align teacher development, and performance standards with school and contextual needs. Reforming teacher education and improving the working conditions for primary teachers could also enhance the development of desired competencies.The third objective was to identify other school related factors that hinder gender equality in the context of HIV/AIDS. These were identified as classroom interaction children's educational rights. The significance of HIV/AIDS to classroom interaction and gender inequalities in pupils' academic competencies is addressed in chapter 4 . The thesis explains how the gendered nature of classroom interaction and pupils' academic competencies follow from the impact of HIV/AIDS on rural livelihoods. The major contribution was on explaining the extent to which gender differences in pupils' academic competence were due to HIV/AIDS. This thesis addresses the issue of children's educational rights in chapter 5 . In this chapter, gender equality is perceived as equality of capabilities to enjoy rights entitlements in education drawing on the capabilities approach (Sen, 1980; 1992; 1999, Nussbaum, 2000). The chapter discusses how gender inequality in pupils' capabilities to enjoy educational rights accrues from the impact of HIV/AIDS on their livelihoods. The fourth objective of this research was to propose a framework for understanding the persistence of gender inequalities in UPE and the results are reported in chapter 6. This chapter is a synthesis of the findings of the previous chapters (2, 3, 4 and 5) in an attempt to propose a framework for better understanding of the persistence of inequalities. I emphasise the need to refocus our perceptions in the bid to strengthen the combat for gender equality. Rather than look at gender equality in terms of numbers (or how many children of each sex are enrolled or attend school regularly), it is important to look at it as a human rights issue as I elaborated in chapter 4.In conclusion, HIV/AIDS contributes to inequalities through reinforcing the existing structural hindrances. In other words, even if there were to be no HIV/AIDS, inequalities would probably persist but of course, the magnitude would differ. Nevertheless, the contribution of HIV/AIDS is considerable enough to warrant urgent action. There is therefore need for stronger mechanisms to mitigate the impact of HIV/AIDS on rural livelihoods. In addition, educational reforms and a general social transformation would strengthen the combat for gender equality in the context of HIV/AIDS.

BACKGROUNDIt is increasingly acknowledged that not only gender equality but also gender ideology plays a role in explaining fertility in advanced societies. In a micro perspective, the potential mismatch between gender equality (i.e., the actual sharing taking place in a couple) and gender ideology (i.e., and beliefs regarding gender roles) may drive childbearing decisions.OBJECTIVEThis paper assesses the impact of consistency between gender equality in and equality in the division of household labour on the likelihood of having another child, for different parities.METHODSRelying on two-wave panel data of the Bulgarian, Czech, French, Hungarian, and Lithuanian Generations and Gender Surveys, we build a couple typology defined by gender and housework-sharing. The typology identifies four types of couple: 1) gender-unequal and gender-unequal housework-sharing; 2) gender-equal and gender-unequal housework-sharing; 3) gender-unequal and gender-equal housework-sharing; 4) gender-equal and gender-equal housework-sharing. The couple types enter into a logistic regression model on childbirth.RESULTSThe impact of the typology varies with parity and gender: taking as reference category the case of gender-equal and gender-equal division of housework, the effect of all the other couple types on a new childbirth is strong and negative for the second child and female respondents.CONCLUSIONSThe consistency between gender ideology and actual partners' housework-sharing is only favourable for childbearing as long as there is gender equality in both the dimensions.1. IntroductionIn the last few decades most developed countries have witnessed a dramatic change in gender roles and attitudes. Whereas some European countries, most notably the Nordic ones, have moved peremptorily towards gender egalitarianism both in the public sphere (i.e., the education system and the job market) and in the private sphere (i.e., the housework and childcare gender role-set), other countries appear to have experienced substantive changes in the first sphere but less in the family sphere, a feature epitomised as the stalled gender revolution (Hochschild and Machung 1990). Recent studies suggest that gender equality at the family level is also linked to reproductive behaviour, and stronger gender equality appears to be associated with higher fertility (e.g., Neyer, Lappegard, and Vignoli 2013; Olah 2003; Duvander and Andersson 2006). Higher gender equality may very well lead to higher fertility; more important however, as one moves away from the male breadwinner model, is the potential mismatch between gender equality (i.e., the actual sharing taking place across genders) and gender ideology (i.e., the attitudes regarding the appropriate roles, rights, and responsibilities of women and men in society; Kroska 2007). The mismatch between the two might result in unfulfilled expectations, and such a feeling of disappointment may lower fertility. To exemplify, if the woman has liberal towards gender roles (i.e., she has an egalitarian ideology regarding gender roles and gender relations in the couple), and the man does not fulfil her expectations through sharing household tasks, she might derive lower satisfaction from the partnership, which in turn may lower the chances for the couple agreeing on having children, which presumably lowers overall fertility (Mencarini and Sironi 2012; Aassve at al. 2014a). There is some evidence suggesting that, indeed, inconsistency between toward couples' sharing of tasks and actual division of housework reduces the likelihood of continued childbearing even in a high gender-equal society like Sweden (Goldscheider, Bernhardt, and Branden 2013).Our analysis follows up on these ideas and tackles the issue directly. Our hypothesis is that the mismatch between actual gender division of housework with respect to and beliefs regarding gender roles matters for explaining childbearing outcomes. …

The chapter examines three dimensions that, on the one hand, constitute important systemic factors of gender (in)equality in Ukraine, and on the other — already demonstrate certain positive or negative trends. The legislative dimension is related to martial law, within which the traditional (patriarchal) gender order is most clearly reproduced: men are assigned the role of defenders of the state during wartime, which also affects women and acts as a negative factor for gender equality. The (geo)political aspect pertains to the processes of European integration and the aspiration of Ukrainian society to distance itself from the values of the “Russian world” (russkiy mir), which is an important factor in sustaining gender equality policies. The sociocultural dimension relates to the positive dynamics of public attitudes toward the distribution of gender roles and attitudes toward LGBT people rights in the context of war. In analyzing the impact of the full-scale war on gender (in)equality in Ukraine within these defined dimensions, the study argues that the observed trends do not provide grounds to claim a strengthening of patriarchal (conservative) attitudes and discourses at the political and sociocultural levels of Ukrainian society. Rather, it is a case of an eclectic combination of conservative views, discourses, and policies with the ongoing progress of Ukrainian society toward gender equality.

The intersection of gender and sustainability in tourism research has gained significant attention across academic research and policymaking, focusing on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that are closely aligned with the United Nations SDGs, particularly gender equality (SDG 5) and responsible consumption and production (SDG 12). Gender plays an important role in driving sustainable transformation in the tourism sector, influencing cultural and environmental conservation and socioeconomic aspects. This chapter discusses a bibliometric analysis of articles focusing on gender and sustainability in tourism research to elucidate publication trends, identify influential journals and prominent authors, and uncover key research themes and emerging hotspots of research trends. The Bibliometrix R package was employed to analyze 438 research articles selected from the Scopus database between the period 2015 and 2024. The findings indicated an increasing trend in publications, with a wide distribution of publications across numerous journals. Further, the Journal of Sustainable Tourism was the most influential, and countries like Spain, China, and the United States have made noteworthy contributions in the area. India ranks the highest in single-country publications (SCP), indicating a notable emphasis on region-specific research. Meanwhile, the United States and China lead in the multiple-country publications (MCP), indicating higher international collaborative research efforts. Furthermore, the findings emphasize that gender-inclusive policies are essential to fostering innovation, advancing leadership roles, and promoting corporate sustainability and entrepreneurship within the tourism sector. Finally, gender-specific strategies are imperative for achieving sustainable transport and driving socioeconomic transformation, highlighting the need for tailored gender-sensitive strategies for sustainable tourism development.

It remains unclear to what extent shifts in gender attitudes are products of changes in micro-level characteristics, macro-level social transformations, or net cohort and period transitions. We test these questions on 20 waves of data from the General Social Survey, 1977–2016 (N = 45,125). Compositional change in individual characteristics accounts for almost 78 percent of the cohort variation in gender attitudes, but only 32 percent of the historical transformations. Macro dynamics are responsible for an additional 60 percent of the historical change in gender attitudes. Two structural forces are associated with historical transitions in American gender attitudes: gender equality in the labor force and the rise of men’s overwork. Each of these factors accounts for a significant proportion of the period variation in gender attitudes in our analysis, and the rise of men’s overwork appears to account for the puzzle of the “stalled revolution” in the 1990s and its “restart” in the mid-2000s. The conservative swing in 1994–2004 correlates with the rise of overwork, as the proportion of men who overwork soared during this period when traditional gender roles were reinforced.

China’s approach to state feminism is marked by ambivalence: while promoting women’s rights through official narratives, the state simultaneously suppresses feminist activism and reinforces women’s traditional roles. To examine this tension, this study conducted content and critical thematic analysis of People’s Daily (2012–2024), focusing on how four terms – ‘feminism’, ‘feminine-ism’, ‘women’s liberation’, and ‘gender equality’ – are discursively constructed. The study found that ‘feminism’ and ‘feminine-ism’ are marginalized as Western, elitist concepts; ‘women’s liberation’ is framed as part of the CCP’s revolutionary legacy; and ‘gender equality’ which is tied to national development, demographic goals, and global leadership has emerged as the dominant framing. Drawing on Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse theory, the study conceptualized ‘gender equality’ as a nodal point in a hegemonic discourse that unifies contradictory narratives and legitimizes state control. It defined this framing as discursive state feminism which functions as an ideological tool to manage domestic expectations and enhance China’s international image rather than a transformative commitment to women’s rights. By introducing ‘discursive state feminism’, this article offered a new lens to understand the performative dimensions of gender discourse in authoritarian contexts and contributed to broader debates on the intersection of gender, ideology, and governance.

This research has explored the roles, opportunities, decision-making processes, responsibilities, and various issues related to gender and the status of women in society. It compares women with their male counterparts across several areas, including household duties, economic conditions, education, health, political engagement, and community decision-making. The main aim has been to perform a contemporary situational analysis of women’s empowerment and rural development, utilizing both primary and secondary data. The focus is on gender inequality, socio-economic factors, political involvement, and demographic trends. The main findings have highlighted that those women, in their journey towards empowerment, require substantial support from their families, communities, and the nation. They have faced significant barriers to accessing opportunities for income generation, employment, decision-making roles, property ownership, and participation in political processes. The majority of women have been primarily engaged in household duties, contributing to their lower socio-economic status. This research seeks to improve the status of women in the study area by highlighting the importance of government policies and programs that include women in development efforts. Addressing these challenges through empowerment has become crucial not only for improving women's lives but also for fostering economic development within the community and the country at large. Apart from the aforementioned suggestions, Constitutional and Legal Framework, National Plan and Policies, Quotas and Representation, Education and Health, Economic Empowerment, Combatting Gender-Based Violence, and Cultural and Social Change, Education and Awareness have been found the policies to be adopted for the gender empowerment and equality in the present condition of Nepal. Despite these policies, challenges such as patriarchal norms, economic disparities, and implementation gaps persist. Continued efforts are needed to ensure effective enforcement of laws, address cultural barriers, and achieve substantive gender equality in Nepal. Likewise, Legal and Policy Framework, Economic Empowerment, Political Participation, Healthcare and Reproductive Rights, Combat Gender-Based Violence, Media and Communication, Community Engagement and Partnerships, Data Collection and Research, and Monitoring and Evaluation have been identified as the ways of gender empowerment and equality in the present context of Nepal. Implementing these strategies requires commitment and collaboration across government, civil society, the private sector, and international partners. Achieving gender equality is a long-term endeavor that necessitates ongoing effort and investment across various sectors simultaneously.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0702/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>