Evolution some varieties of broad bean with effect of some chemical herbicides

A field trial was executed at Gemmeiza during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 winter seasons. The experiment aiming at finding the response of wheat crop and the associated weeds to planting methods vis Raised Bed Broadcasting (RBB), Flat in Rows (FR) and Flat Broadcasting (FB), irrigation techniques (irrigating as 40, 60 and 80% of available soil moisture were depleted) and weeding treatments (Pallas, Atlantis, Brominal w + Topik, Hand weeding and Un-weeded (Control) as well as their interactions. The crop-water relationships e.g. water use and water productivity were considered. The adopted treatments were assessed in split–split plot experimental design with 3 replicates, where planting methods, irrigation techniques and weed control treatments were represented in main, split and split-split plots, respectively. The main findings were as follows:1- Raised Bed Broadcasting (RBB), comparable with FR or FB ones, resulted in reduced fresh weight values of grassy, broad-leaved and total annual weeds, and on the other side, enhanced tillers No. plant-1, plant height, 1000-grain weight, straw and grain yields. In addition, lower Water consumptive use values were detected with RBB, and averaged 14.71 and 18.22% over the two seasons, respectively, lesser than those with FR and FB. Water Productivity under RBB were increased, and averaged 42.73 and 31.95% over the two seasons, respectively, comparable with FR and FB techniques. 2- Irrigating at 80% ASMD regime exhibited lower values of grassy, broad-leaved and total annual weeds fresh weight, comparing with 40 and 60% ASMD regimes. Higher tillers No. plant-1 values were recorded for 40%ASMD, whereas plant height, 1000-grain weight, straw and grain yields exhibited higher values under 60% ASMD. Cu under 80% ASMD, as two season averages, were10.38 and 5.42%, respectively, lower than those with 40 and 60% ASMD, and higher WP was attained, and averaged 22.46 and 23.60% over the two seasons, respectively, more than those with 40 and 60% ASMD techniques.3- Brominal w+ Topik application, comparable with the other tested weeding treatments, exhibited desired trends for the parameters under study, where fresh weight of grassy, broad–leaved and annual total weeds and Cu were reduced. Additionally, higher values of plant height, 1000-grain weight, grain and straw yields as well as WP were recorded with Brominal w +Topik application. The bilateral interaction of planting method (RBB) and irrigation regime (80% ASMD) resulted in the lowest fresh weight values of grassy and Broad- leaved weeds and total. Furthermore, significant higher values of plant height, 1000-grain weight in the two seasons and grain yield in 1st season were recorded. The interaction between 80 % ASMD irrigation technique and Brominal w + Topik application resulted in, on two seasons mean basis, lower values of fresh weight for grassy and broad-leaved and total weeds. In addition, except tillers No. plant-1 trait, higher values of plant height, 1000-grain weight, straw and grain yields (19.86 ardab fed-1) were obtained. The interaction between RBB and Brominal w + Topik application exhibited lower values of fresh weight for grassy, broad-leaved weeds and total. Furthermore, except tillers No. plant-1 trait, higher values of plant height, 1000-grain weight, straw and grain yields were recorded. In the present investigation, the tertiary interaction of RBB, 80% ASMD and Brominal w + Topik application exhibited desired figures of Cu and WP for wheat crop. Due to the attained results, it could be advisable to plant wheat on raised beds and irrigating as 80% of available soil moisture was depleted besides Brominal w + Topik application in order to annual associated weeds control and to obtain acceptable water use and water productivity figures.

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2014 to study the effect of herbicides on weed control efficiency and yield attributes in Brinjal.The experiment consisting of 10 treatments comprising 4 herbicides (alachlor at 1.0 and 1.5 kg a.i./ha, butachlor at 1.0 and 1.5 kg a.i./ha, pendimethalin at 1.0 and 1.5 kg a.i./ha, pretilachlor at 1.0 and 1.5 kg a.i./ha) compared with weed free check, unweeded control.Results revealed that the application of butachlor and pretilachlor at 1.5 kg a.i./ha were found to be phytotoxic while pendimethalin at 1.0 and 1.5 kg a.i./ha was found not phytotoxic to the brinjal.The total number and total dry weight of weeds were found to be maximum in unweeded control and weed control treatments decreased these parameters but pendimethalin at 1.5 kg a.i./ha were the lowest.WCE (%) was highest with the pendimethalin at 1.5 kg a.i./ha.The yield parameters viz., number of fruits, fruit weight, and fruit yield decreased significantly in unweeded control while weed index was higher.The fruit yield was significantly higher with application of pendimethalin at 1.5 kg a.i./ha.

Objective: In this study, it was planned to examine the effects of farmyard manure on seed yield and yield components of different broad bean varieties. Material and Methods: The study was carried out in the ecological conditions of Mentese district of Muğla province in the 2021-2022 broad bean planting season. Seed yield and some yield components of farmyard manure doses (0-3000-6000 kg ha-1) in Histal, Salkim, Major and Golyaka varieties were examined. The study was planned with split-plot over randomized complete block design. Results: The interaction between farmyard manure and the variety has been observed to be significant for the number of flowering days, physiological maturity duration, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant and the weight of 100 seeds. Among the traits, the farmyard manure factor was found to be statistically significant in traits such as plant height and first pod height, while the variety factor was significant in the protein ratio. In terms of grain yield, both farmyard manure and variety factors were found to be statistically significant. The optimal grain yield, significantly affected by the amount of barn manure doses, was recorded at 2642 kg ha-1 at a dose of 6000 kg ha-1. Among the varieties, Histal variety stands out for its protein content, with a value of 23.5%. Conclusion: The effects of farmyard manure application on grain yield and yield components of pods were found to be significant. As a result of the study, it was determined that it was important to contine the experiment for more than one yearin order to observe the positive effects of barn manure application on the examined traits.

We report on the impact of flour production from small- and large-seed varieties of broad bean on the quantitative and qualitative distribution of dietary fibre and starch. The experimental material consisted of the seeds of small-seed varieties of broad bean: Gobik and Goral, large-seed varieties of broad bean: Windsor Bialy and Bartom, and pea seeds of Albatros, Karat and Miko varieties (for comparison). The seeds were at full physiological maturity. Soaking and hydrothermal processing were shown to cause multidirectional, statistically significant changes in dietary fibre and starch, depending on both parameters of the process and type of the seeds. The flours of both small-seed broad bean varieties contained 20.15%-28.31%, flours of the large-seed broad bean 23.10%-27.50%, and those from pea seeds 20.13%-22.81% total dietary fibre. Attention should be paid to the considerable, approximately 2-fold increase in the soluble dietary fibre (SDF) content, compared to the raw material. The processing of seeds caused significant changes also with reference to starch. The most considerable changes were observed when the variant with the longest times of soaking (18 h) and heating (45 min) was applied. In the broad bean flours, the content of analytically available starch decreased by 22.94-30.60% and its digestibility was observed to decrease up to 30.25%. The pea flours, however, were characterised by an increased concentration of both forms of starch, especially significant for the digestible starch. The calculated content of resistant starch (RS) differentiated, to a high extent, the flours obtained. Under the same processing conditions, the flours of small-seed Gobik and Goral varieties of broad bean were characterised by a significantly higher RS content than those obtained from the large-seed varieties. A decrease in the starch digestibility rate index (SDRI) values, especially high for the small-seed varieties, should also be emphasised. The results obtained indicate that the nutritional value of flours can be determined by controlled processing parameters.

Post-emergent herbicides were evaluated in a series of field experiments for control of weeds in rice nursery as well as, direct seeded and transplanted rice during the kharif seasons of 2014 and 2015. Results of one of the studies showed that flucetosulfuron at 25-30 g ha-1 applied at 15-18 DAS (days after sowing) was effective for control of many broad-leaved weeds and some grass weeds [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.]. However, flucetosulfuron was not reasonably effective against major upland rice weeds namely Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd and Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. infesting rice nursery and direct seeded rice (DSR). Under puddle transplanted rice (PTR) conditions, flucetosulfuron 25-30 g ha-1 applied at 15-19 days after transplanting had similar weed control levels and rice grain yields as obtained with bispyribac-Na at 20 g ha-1 and azimsulfuron at 35 g ha-1. However, in the DSR, weed control and rice grain yields with flucetosulfuron were poorer to that observed with application of azimsulfuron 35 g ha-1. In another field study, ready-mixture of penoxsulam + bentazone (1:36) at 840-1110 g ha-1 as post-emergent (18 DAS or 20 DAT) option was evaluated against weeds in DSR and PTR along with standard check herbicides, azimsulfuron 35 g ha-1, and cyhalofop-p-butyl 80 g ha-1. Penoxsulam + bentazone at 925-1110 g ha-1 was very effective for control of grass weed, E. crus-galli (98-100% control) and many broad-leaved weeds but was not effective against D. aegyptium and D. sanguinalis found in DSR. Consequently, the poor weed control (508-524 g m-2 total weed dry weight) with application of penoxsulam + bentazone combination at 925-1110 g ha-1 resulted in 1.45-1.48 t ha-1 lesser grain yield compared to azimsulfuron 35 g ha-1 (218.2 g m-2 total weed dry weight). Under puddle transplanted conditions, penoxsulam + bentazone combination and azimsulfuron 35 g ha-1 provided significantly better weed control than cyhalofop-p-butyl. The weed competition caused higher rice grain yield reductions in DSR (86-100%) than PTR conditions (25-52%). The results indicated azimsulfuron as better herbicide option for DSR than flucetosulfuron, penoxsulam, penoxsulam + bentazone and bispyribac-Na due to diverse weed flora control. Also, pot studies indicated that flucetosulfuron and azimsulfuron should be applied with cationic surfactant at 1000 ml ha-1 for better weed control efficacy. DOI: http://doi.org/10.25174/2249-4065/2019/96493

This study aims to determine the impact of different non-chemical weed control systems on organically grown spring oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L.) crop weediness and yield of seeds. Non-chemical weed control systems: 1) thermal (water steam), 2) mechanical (inter-row loosening), and 3) smothering (self-regulation). Thermal (1.5–1.8 times) and mechanical (2.5–6.8 times) weed control systems significantly reduced the number of weed seedlings in spring oilseed rape crop, compared with the weed smothering system. The most effective system of weed control in rape crop was mechanical (efficiency 30.9–75.5 %). Efficiency of thermal weed control system, compared with mechanical, was lower, 28.4–40.0 %. Before rape harvesting in plots where mechanical weed control was applied, compared with plots where weed smothering was used, the number of weeds was significantly 3.2–4.4 times lower, and dry matter mass of weeds was 2.2–3.1 times lower. The yield of rape seeds increased with increasing efficiency of thermal and mechanical weed control. In 2014, the yield of rape seeds depended on number of weed seedlings and dry matter mass of weeds before rape harvesting. Keywords: spring oilseed rape, weed control systems, weed, yield, organic farming

Effect of crop sequence and weed control treatments on weeds and pea crop productivity

The biological effectiveness of modern herbicides in controlling weeds in soybean crops under irrigation in the north of the Astrakhan region has been determined. Field experiments were conducted during 2022- 2024 at the experimental irrigated land use site of the PAFSC RAS. The objects of the study were soybean varieties of domestic selection Volgogradka 1 and Aurora. The effectiveness of herbicides in the application of a soybean crop protection system against annual cereal and annual dicotyledonous weeds aimed at the formation of highly productive marketable products was studied. A comparative analysis of the use of selective herbicides based on the active substance metribuzine (Lazurit, SP) and metolachlor (Simba, KE) was carried out in order to identify the most promising option. A high biological efficiency (63.9%) of the soil herbicide Lazurit was established 30 days after its application, with the number of weeds in the control of 26 specimens/m2. On the 50th day after treatment, the decrease in the number of weeds was 59.9% with the number of weeds of 38 specimens/m2. The use of this herbicide led to a significant reduction in the number of weeds, which further affected the development of soybean plants.

The present study was carried out on soybean var. Giza 111 atthe Experimental Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, El-Minia University during the summer seasons of 2015 and 2016, to study the impact of plant spacing and weed control treatments on weed control, yield and quality of soybean. The treatments include rows and plant spacing (density) as P1: 60×4cm (175000 plant fed-1), P2: 60×5cm (140000 plant fed-1), P3: 70×4cm (150000 plant fed-1) and P4: 70 × 5cm (120000 plant fed-1) and 10 weed control treatments (W1: Gesagard 50% FW at 1 L fed-1,W2: Fusilade super 12.5%EC at 1 L fed-1, W3: Gesagard 50%FW+ Fusilade super 12.5% EC,W4:Stomp 50%EC at 1.7 L fed-1,W5: Stomp 50%EC + Select-super 12.5% EC at 1 L fed-1, W6: Select-super 12.5%EC, W7: Stomp 12.5%EC+ one hand hoeing, W8: hand hoeing twice, W9: unweeded check and W10: weed free for whole seasons. This study was carried out in a strip-plot design with three replications. Results showed that increasing of soybean plant density by sowing in the narrow ridge (60 cm) and plant space (4 cm between hills) caused a significant reduction in fresh and dry weight of weeds at 60 days after planting (DAP), compared to wider plant spacing in both seasons. The narrow spacing 60×4 cm led to a reduction in dry weight of total weeds by 26.62 % and 22.90 % and increased soybean seed yield by 5.31% and 4.92% in 2015 and 2016 seasons, respectively. All weed control practices reduced the fresh and dry weight of total weeds, compared to the unweeded check in both seasons. Yield of seeds in unweeded check plots was decreased were about 43.18 and 42.69% due to about 3.5 and 3.3 ton fed-1 fresh weight of total weeds in 2015 and 2016 seasons, respectively, compared to weed free for whole season. Protein and oil% of soybean seeds were decreased by (10.56 and 10.60%) and (18.23 and 18.05%) in 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively due to the weed interference. The interaction effect between plant spacing, 60×4 cm (P1) and weed free followed plant spacing P1 and weed control by Stomp 50%EC + one hand hoeing (W7) gave the best weed control efficiency (WCE) 78.9 and 81.0% in 2015 and 2016 seasons, respectively as well as superior in seed yield of soybean and net return.

Alternatives to herbicides are needed for weed control. Field studies were conducted in 1994/1995 and 1995/1996 to investigate the nature of forage crop-weed dynamics and to test the effect of single year forage crops on the density and community composition of annual weeds in a following field pea (Pisium sativum L.) test crop. Five spring-seeded forage treatments were compared with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain crops (with or without herbicides for grassy and broadleaved weeds): winter triticale (Triticosecale) (simulation grazed); spring triticale (silage); spring/winter triticale intercrop (silage, then simulation grazed); alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (hay); sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench × Sorghum sudanese [Piper]) (hay); and a weedy fallow (silage). A fall rye (Secale cereale L.) grain crop and a sweet clover (Melilotis officinalis L.)/winter triticale double crop (hay, then simulation grazing) were included in the 1995/1996 trial. All forage systems were at least as effective as the sprayed wheat control in suppressing wild oat (Avena fatua L.); however, effects on other weeds, especially broadleaved species, were variable. Biennial crops provided the best early season weed control, while long-season systems such winter triticale and the triticale intercrop provided the best late season weed control. Forages shifted the weed community composition away from wild oat and green foxtail (Setaria viridis L. Beauv.) to a similar or greater extent than herbicide-treated wheat. Forage systems that did not provide season-long crop competition tended to have more broadleaved weeds. Some forage systems increased pea grain yield the following year (relative to the sprayed wheat control); however, forages alone did not eliminate the need for herbicides in the pea crop. Annual forages may play an important role in integrated weed management, especially for wild oat, however further research to refine forage-based weed management systems is needed. Key words: Integrated weed management, alfalfa, intercropping, double cropping, organic farming

Weed counts on chickpea crops revealed a mixed type of weed infestation. The most common among dicotyledons are white quinoa, rough mustard, common bindweed, small-flowered galigsoga, odorless chamomile, field bindweed, and pink thistle; among cereals: blue marestail, common bentgrass, and creeping wheatgrass. The chemical method dominates in the system of protective measures for chickpea cultivation. The use of herbicides during the most vulnerable periods of weed growth, namely during seed germination, creates the most favorable conditions for the growth and development of chickpea plants by eliminating competition for light, moisture, nutrients, etc. To reduce the phytotoxic (negative) effects of herbicides on chickpea plants, tank mixtures of herbicides should be used in reduced doses, chickpea seeds should be inoculated, and biological products with immunomodulatory properties and stimulating activity should be used during the growing season. The application of Harness herbicide, 90% c.e., at a rate of 3.0 l/ha before chickpea germination leads to a decrease in weed vegetation one month after the application of the herbicide to 86% compared to the control plots. This preparation effectively destroyed annual cereal weeds by 94% compared to the control plots and was less effective against annual dicotyledonous weeds, up to 77% compared to the control. On the plots where Frontier Optima herbicide was applied, 72% e.c. at a rate of 1.2 l/ha, the number of weeds was within 20 pcs/m2 a month after application, and the level of weediness decreased by 88% compared to the control plots (natural weediness). This herbicide effectively killed cereal weeds and was selective to dicotyledonous weeds. At the time of chickpea harvesting, the number of weeds was within 27 pcs/m2, and the level of weediness decreased by 84% compared to the control plots. With the complex use of herbicides Harness and Frontier Optima in reduced consumption rates, a better effect on weed control in chickpea crops was noted. The level of weed infestation during the chickpea harvesting period decreased by 88% compared to the control plots. It should be noted that this composition of soil herbicides had reduced application rates and was characterized by prolonged action against weeds. The highest yields of chickpea seeds were in the variant where inoculation with Rhizobophyte was carried out at a rate of 1.0 l/t before sowing chickpea, a tank mixture of herbicide Harness + Frontier Optima was applied at application rates of 2.5-1.0 l/ha, and in the phase of 3-4 leaves, foliar application of the biological preparation Agrinos B was carried out. As a result of the measures taken, the yield of chickpea seeds averaged 2.44 t/ha over the years of research, which is 2.07 t/ha more than in the control plots.

The system of protection of cultivated plants from the negative effects of weeds is an important element in the technology of growing corn. The application of the chemical method allows to effectively and for a long time get rid of the agrophytocenosis of weeds. Weeds significantly impair the growing conditions of cultivated plants and prevent them from realizing the opportunities inherent in the genetic potential of the crop. Maize has a low level of competitiveness against weeds. The aim of the article was: to substantiate the application of insurance herbicides Laudis and Stellar for weed control and their joint use with PGR Zeastimulin to increase corn grain yield. Medium-early maize hybrid PR39T45 FAO 250 was grown. It is characterized by good cold resistance and drought resistance. The size of the registered area of plots is 20 m2, repeated three times with a systematic arrangement of options. The predecessor of corn was potatoes. Herbicides and PGR Zeastimulin were applied in the phase of 3-4 leaves in corn. After treatment of crops with Laudis herbicide, weed accounting showed a decrease in the number of weeds by 89,7% compared to control. At the time of maize harvesting, Laudis reduced the level of weeding by 94,7% in quantity and by 655 g/m2 of mass compared to the natural background without the introduction of herbicides and growth regulator. The application of Stellar herbicide allowed better control of the number and weight of weeds, due to its effect on perennials. The decrease in weed numbers was 93,5% during the first survey, 97,0% during the second and 97,9% during the third. In the experimental variants, where herbicides were applied together with PGR Zeastimulin, no decrease in the number of weeds was observed, and only a slight decrease in the above-ground air-dry mass of weed plants was observed. The height of maize in the phase of 7-8 leaves on the herbicidal background was higher by 17,3% (var. 2) and 19,8% (var. 4) than on the control variant. Treatment of crops with Zeastimulin provided an increase of this indicator by another 2 cm. Due to the positive effect of the growth regulator, the length of maize cobs increased from 17,9 cm to 18,6 cm in the version of weed control by Laudis (0,5 kg/ha), and from 18,3 cm to 19,4 cm in the variant of herbicide application. Stellar (1,1 l/ha). In maize, the diameter of the cobs increased due to a decrease in the negative effects of weeds and under the influence of PGR Zeastimulin. Weed control in maize agrophytocenoses with Laudis herbicide (0,5 kg/ha) provided better conditions for cultivated plants, which gave a grain yield increase of 2,9 t/ha, and Stellar herbicide (1,1 l/ha) - for 3,1 t/ha. The application of Zeastimulin to maize crops increased the yield by 9,5% in the Laudis herbicide variant (0,5 kg/ha) and by 9,2% in the Stellar herbicide variant (1,1 l/ha). Further studies are planned to continue the assessment in maize agrophytocenoses of the effects of Laudis and Stellar herbicides on weed and PGR Zeastimulin under different weather conditions during the growing season. Key words: corn, weeds, herbicides, plant growth regulator, yield.

Агроекологічна стійкість сортів квасолі звичайної до несприятливих умов вегетації

Goal. To determine the effect of herbicides, in particular graminicides with different active ingredients, on the weediness of crops and the yield of chickpea seeds in the conditions of the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, measuring and weighing, statistical. Results. Under conditions of the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, 27 species of weed plants were found in chickpea crops (annual cereals — 3 species, annual dicots — 17 species, perennial dicotyledonous — 7 species). Annual cereal weeds dominated in number (76.4%), and annual dicot weeds (44.3%) in terms of raw mass. The highest technical efficiency against annual cereal weeds, when applied during the budding stage of chickpea, was provided by the graminicide Lemur, EC (hyzalofop-P-tefuryl, 40 g/ l) — 1.5 l/ ha (by the number and raw mass of cereals, 99.2 and 98.3%, respectively), and the lowest efficiency was provided by the graminicide Selenite, EC (clethodim, 120 g/ l) — 1.0 l/ ha (79.4 and 71.8%, respectively). Tank mixture of soil herbicides Panda, EC (pendimethalin, 330 g/ l) — 3.5 l/ ha + Steals, EC (flurochloridone, 250 g/ l) — 2.0 l/ ha, which was applied in the pre-emergence period, controlled only the number of annual dicot weeds (technical efficiency was 62.1—79.0%), which was associated with a number of factors (the presence of resistant weed species in the crops, different soil moisture during the application period by years, the use of the minimum recommended doses of herbicides). The studied herbicides did not affect perennial dicot weeds. Combining soil herbicides with graminicides reduced the total number of weeds by 73.2—87.9%, and their raw weight by 22.4—43.0%. The highest economic efficiency (0.28 t/ ha) was provided by the composition of the preparations Panda, EC — 3.5 l/ ha + Steals, EC — 2.0 l/ ha (tank mixture) + Queen Star Max, EC (hyzalofop-P-ethyl, 125 g/ l) — 0.8 l/ ha. Conclusions. In the absence of the effect of the studied herbicides on perennial dicot weeds and the insufficient effect of soil herbicides on annual dicot species, despite the high effectiveness of graminicides against cereals, it was not possible to obtain significant increase in the yield of chickpea seeds (from 0.13 to 0.28 t/ ha).

A field experiment was carried out during the winter season of 2002 / 2003 at the Groups department College of Agriculture, university of Baghdad, Abu-Graib, to study Effect of four rates of sowing (6 , 8 , 10 , 12kg / ha)and four varieties on yield and yield component of Nigella Sativa L. A factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design with four replications was used. The treatments were four varieties of Nigella Sativa L. Iranians (V1), Iranian (V2), Yemenian (V3), Syrian (V4) Varieties. And four rates of sassing (6 (S1), 8 (S2), 10 (S3), 12 (12) kg / ha) The results indicated that (S4) was significant at height of plant (51.11 cm), rate of seeds in capsule (57.41), number of branches per plant (8.6) number of (5.5) and the yield of seeds 319.62 kg/ha .The variety (V2)was significant at yield (337.74kg/ha)and number of seeds per capsule (53.11).The variety (V3)was significant at number of branches per plant(11.13) . The interaction between the variety (V2) and the rate of sowing (S2) was significant at the yield of seeds (471.38 kg / ha).