Evolution of Sweden and Finland’s Military Policy in the Arctic and Accession to Nato

The relevance of the study is determined by the growing role of personnel security as a key component of the sustainable development of Ukrainian enterprises under conditions of military instability, demographic crisis, and labour market transformation. The importance of the issue lies in the need for an in-depth analysis of the factors influencing enterprises’ ability to preserve and reproduce their human potential. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of external and internal factors affecting the formation of personnel security in Ukrainian enterprises. The research methodology is based on systemic, comparative, structural-functional approaches, which made it possible to comprehensively assess the impact of various factors on personnel security. Methods of critical analysis, systematization, economic and statistical analysis, and graphical interpretation of results were applied. The scientific results include the systematization of external and internal factors. External factors comprise geopolitical, macroeconomic, institutional and legal, technological, and socio-demographic determinants. Internal factors were classified into organizational and structural, financial and economic, technological and informational, corporate cultural, managerial, human resource groups. It was proved that the interaction of external and internal factors has a synergistic and dynamic nature, simultaneously creating threats and compensatory opportunities for strengthening enterprises’ personnel resilience. The theoretical significance of the study lies in the development of the scientific foundations for systematizing personnel security factors. The practical value is defined by the possibility of applying the results to improve personnel management policies and prevent human resource losses. The research contributes to a comprehensive justification of the influence of external and internal environmental factors on enterprises’ personnel security under conditions of military instability and digital transformation. The prospective direction of further research involves developing an integrated model for assessing the level of personnel security.

Entrepreneurial activities are the power source of promoting a country’s economic development and social progress. Entrepreneurial intention can well predict entrepreneurial activities. Based on the framework of integration analysis, this paper explores the external and internal factors that affect individual entrepreneurial intention. The binary logistic regression method was used to analyze 121,613 valid data samples from 48 countries in the 2018 Adult Population Survey (APS). The results show that entrepreneurial opportunity, entrepreneurial network, entrepreneurial ability, entrepreneurial attitude, and other internal and external factors have significant positive effects on individual entrepreneurial intention. At the same time, the interaction of internal and external factors has a significant positive effect on individual entrepreneurial intention. The interaction of internal and external factors also has significant positive impact on individual entrepreneurial intention. Individual willingness to start a business is influenced by multiple factors such as entrepreneurial network, entrepreneurial opportunity, entrepreneurial ability, and entrepreneurial attitude. It is a comprehensive balance of an individual’s possible risks, benefits, and abilities to start a business, and a comprehensive result of wanting to do something (external opportunities and network relations), ability (knowledge and skills), and daring to do something (risk attitude).

This study aims to analyze business strategies owned by Micro Finance Institutions BUMDES Samirono in an effort to develop business and impact on community empowerment. This research was conducted in Gogik Village, West Ungaran District, Semarang Regency. The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive method with IFE and EFE environment analysis and SWOT Analysis. The results of this study showed that in the analysis of Internal and External Factors found by the researchers that internal factors are on average condition with IFE scores of 2.539. In the analysis of external factors have an EFE score of 2.662 which means the position of the organization in a state of being. The SWOT analysis shows that the alternative strategy that needs to be developed by the Samirono BUMDES Micro Finance Institution (LKM-BUMDES) is by maintaining a family organization that is familial in order to address the challenges and threats of the organization. The conclusion that can be obtained from this research is Village Finance Institution has its own characteristic in doing business activity. The aspect of familial, flexible and customizing the characteristics of the village community is the key to the success of the Samirono Micro Finance Institution (LKM-BUMDES) in running the savings and loan business and improving the welfare of the surrounding community.

BACKGROUND:Development of Health Index becomes important in measuring development. The development of the Health Index in Aceh Province is influenced by several internal and external factors.AIM:The purpose of this study was to analyse the factors that influence the health index as well as formulate a health index development strategy for Aceh ProvinceMETHODS:The method used is quantitative with a survey approach. This research was conducted from January to March 2019 in Aceh Province. Participants were determined as many as 50 stakeholders using the purposive sampling method. Data was collected in the form of primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through questionnaires and interviews with key stakeholders such as the Aceh Provincial Government, regional authorities within the Aceh Province (Agency, Bureau, Office, Hospital, etc. Secondary data was obtained from relevant research reports, government regulations, and others. The SWOT analysis was used to identify internal and external factors, strategies for developing the health index of the Aceh Province.RESULTS:Sixteen factors influence the development of a health index in the province of Aceh. Analysis of internal and external factors has identified five strength factors, six weakness factors, five opportunity factors, and five threat factors. The internal factors (strength) that influence the development of the health index are the increasing role of the provincial government in improving health (0.437). Internal factors (weaknesses) that influence the development of health indices in the province of Aceh are the low quality of human resources in the health sector (0.336). External factors (opportunities) that influence the development of health indices in Aceh province are support from the central government with a value (0.399). External factors that pose a threat to the development of health indices in Aceh province are the ability of the community to finance health with a value (0.437). The results of the SWOT analysis of the condition of the development of the health index are currently in squared II (Strategy Diversification). This condition shows that the development of the health index faces a big threat. Alternative strategies for the development of health indices can be done by increasing the allocation of health spending, increasing partnerships with the private sector in implementing health programs, cooperation between the central, provincial and district governments in improving policies and improving service quality.CONCLUSION:Some factors influence the development of the Health Index in Aceh Province. Internal factors are the role of the provincial government in improving health, and the low quality of human resources in the health sector. While external factors are the existence of support from the central government, and the ability of the community to finance health.

Abstract: Competition in the business world in Indonesia in the era of globalization is very strict at the national, regional and international levels. The success of SMEs in Indonesia is inseparable from the role of government and SMEs themselves in an effort to develop SME business activities to achieve competitive advantage. This study aims to analyze the differentiation strategy of Baduy’s woven fabrics as an effort to gain competitive advantage and alternative strategies that can be done to obtain a competitive advantage. Primary data is obtained by questionnaires and interviews with craft makers and local governments through the Department of Industry and Trade / SMI and the SME office. Secondary data is obtained from the Department of Industry and Trade. The technical data analysis used is descriptive quantitative method, through analysis of internal and external factors, SWOT analysis of matrix, space matrix and IE matrix. The results of the analysis using the SWOT matrix are obtained industrial position in an aggressive strategy alternative, by aggressive expansion and promotion. In Internal External Matrix (IE Matrix), results obtained from the position of the Baduy’s weaving industry are in quadrant V (five) with alternative concentration strategies through horizontal integration or stability strategies. SPACE Analysis matrix produces a position in quadrant I (one) with an aggressive strategy alternative. This research model is expected to be an input for the Lebak Regional Government for strategic alternatives in obtaining competitive advantages so that it can help increase the productivity of the Baduy tribe, and be able to contribute or add value in the family even in the regional economy. The research output is a strategy model of competitive advantage in the Baduy’s weaving industry. Keywords: Analysis of external and internal factors, SWOT matrix, Space matrix and IE Matrix, Competitive advantage

The development of education is the priority direction of the state policy of Azerbaijan. In all countries, education is a very important part of society, but in Azerbaijan it is a decisive element in people’s lives. For this reason, the reforms carried out in the field of education in Azerbaijan after gaining independence have an international character and cover all its fields. The article examines the international aspects of higher education in Azerbaijan and analyses external and internal factors influencing higher education. The aim of this article is to explore the forms of studying abroad available to Azerbaijani citizens, analyse the external and internal factors influencing the country’s educational policy, and evaluate the impact of educational reforms on the international competitiveness of Azerbaijan’s higher education system. The object of the study is Azerbaijan’s higher education system. The subject of the study is the analysis of external and internal factors influencing Azerbaijan’s higher education system in the context of expanding foreign economic relations. This article has used the methods of observation, statistical analysis and statistical grouping of technical and economic indicators for the 1992/1993 – 2022/23 academic years in Azerbaijan in percentage. The research tasks are as follows: 1) How many forms of higher education have been formed in Azerbaijan? 2) What external factors influence higher education in Azerbaijan? 3) How can political, economic, social and technological factors (PEST analysis) be revealed in the field of Azerbaijan’s higher education? 4) What internal factors influence the higher education system in Azerbaijan? 5) Does the analysis of internal factors (SWOT analysis) sufficiently reveal the true situation in the higher education system in Azerbaijan? The results of the analysis reveal several key findings about Azerbaijan’s higher education system and its external and internal factors of influence. It has been highlighted that, historically, Azerbaijan’s higher education served as a factor of fostering international collaboration, as evidenced by the influx of foreign students during the Soviet period. After proclamation of independence, educational cooperation expanded through bilateral and multilateral agreements, leading to an increase in the number of Azerbaijani students studying abroad and foreign students entering Azerbaijan. It has been found that economic stabilization after 1996 significantly boosted educational service imports and exports. Government programs, such as the “National Program for the Education of Azerbaijani Youth in Foreign Countries”, facilitated access to global educational opportunities. Statistical data indicate a consistent rise in the number of students studying abroad, despite temporary declines during the pandemic. Cooperation agreements with the countries like Turkey, Russia, China, and the EU initiatives, such as ERASMUS, have strengthened international partnerships. Internally, state-driven reforms have prioritized human capital development, adapting education to meet modern standards, including the Bologna Process principles. There is a number of challenges remained, such as limited private sector involvement and disparities in access to ICT-based education in rural regions. Conducted SWOT analysis highlighted the system’s strengths, such as innovation adoption and program creation, while addressing weaknesses like the lack of distance learning methodologies and resistance to change among older teaching staff. It has been defined that opportunities for aligning education with labour market needs and global standards are counterbalanced by threats, including unequal ICT infrastructure development. It has been concluded that the development of the higher education system in Azerbaijan is close- ly linked to the introduction of innovations, modern technologies, and digital transformation. The ongo- ing reforms aim to integrate modern teaching methods and information technologies into the education- al process.

Recognition and prioritization of environmental factors affecting the performance of organizations is one of the most important steps in developing long-term plans and organizational strategies. The present study investigates the current status of head office of Ardabil Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation through analyzing internal and external environmental factors. To this end, a sequential mixed method design was used for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting research question. Sixty-eight employees participated in the study. This study was carried out through a survey method using research-made questionnaire and interview as the main instruments. The results demonstrated that Ardabil Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation had some strengths and weaknesses regarding internal and external environmental factors and this organization appeared to have relatively good position considering organization’s internal factors which were supposed to affect it. The findings of the study showed that Ardabil Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation can overcome and neutralize some of its organizational threats and weaknesses using the current organizational opportunities and strengths and applying strategic planning.

One product from the sugar cane is brown sugar cane. ‘UKM Bumi Asih’ is one of the producer of the sugar cane in Bondowoso Regency. Brown sugar cane has potential prospect to developed because it can be used to any purposed (for household needs and beverage industries). This study was aimed to identify the internal and external factors that affected business development of brown sugar cane. The study were used the methods of internal factor evaluation (IFE) and eksternal factor evaluation (EFE). Internal factor analysis was performed to identify the company's internal strengths that can be used and anticipated weaknesses. External factor analysis was conducted to identify opportunities that can be exploited and threats that can be avoided. The scores output from matrix IFE and EFE were all categorized with total score 2.812 for internal factors and 3.0315 for external factor. Both scores were above 2.5 which meas that the internal position was strong enough. So its has the ability above the average to take advantage of the power and opportunities to anticipated the internal weakness and the threats.
 Keywords: brown sugar cane, eksternal factor, internal factor

This study aims to: describe the characteristics of oil palm farming in Rimbo Ilir District, Tebo Regency; describe the internal and external factors of oil palm farmers in Rimbo Ilir District, Tebo Regency; and analyze the influence of internal factors (number of family dependents, farmers’ ethnicity, farmers’ motivation, and level of cosmopolitanism) and external factors (access to marketing, access to capital, price, and distance) on the productivity of oil palm farming in Rimbo Ilir District, Tebo Regency. The analytical method used is the Partial Least Square (PLS) approach with a total sample of 68 farmers.The results of the study show that: Oil palm farming in the study area is carried out conventionally. Internal factors include the number of family dependents ranging from 1 to 6 persons, with the majority of farmers being of Javanese ethnicity. Farmers in the study area have high motivation and a high level of cosmopolitanism. External factors include access to marketing, where farmers sell their produce to middlemen, loading ramps (RAM), or directly to palm oil mills. The selling price of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) varies, but on average ranges from Rp 2,600 to Rp 3,050 per kilogram, and the distance between plantations and farmers’ residences varies from 0.1 to 8 kilometers. Internal factors have a positive and significant direct effect on productivity. Internal factors also have a positive and significant indirect effect on productivity through the moderating variable of input use.

BackgroundPilot errors and preconditions are major concerns that affected by multiple factors physiologically, psychologically and psychosocially. This study aimed to analyse the correlation between the internal and external risk factors, and pilot preconditions in Indonesia.MethodsA cross-sectional study design with purposive sampling, directed to male pilots who had flight duty in the past seven days, underwent medical examination at the Aviation Medical Center, Jakarta, August 12–16, 2024. The data were collected through a self-report questionnaire, Trail Making Test A and B, laboratory tests (plasma lipid, fasting blood glucose), and physical measurements (height, weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure). The independent variables divided into internal factors (Age, Burnout, Metabolic Syndrome parameters); and external factors (Flight Time, Duty Time, Unscheduled Flight Duty, Number of Sectors, Sleep Duration). The dependent variables were pilot preconditions based on the Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (HFACS).ResultsA total of 122 participants participated and 28.7% had an Unscheduled Flight Duty in the last 30 days. Significant correlations were found between Adverse Mental State and HDL-Cholesterol (95%CI=1.52–5.80), Adverse Physiological State and Burnout [Personal (95%CI=0.005–0,04), Work-Related (95%CI=0.009–0.042)], Physical Mental Limitation and Fasting Blood Glucose (95%CI=(-0.479)–(-0.071)), Number of Sectors (95%CI=0.022–3.001). For Personal Readiness (PR), significant correlation was found between PR-Psychological Demand and Flight-Time One Year (95%CI=(0.000–0.001), Sleep Duration (95%CI=(-0.137)–(-0.013)), Waist Circumference (95%CI=(-0.014)–(-0.002)), PR-Social Support and Sleep Duration (95%IK=0.018–0.207), Client-Related Burnout (95%IK=(-0.011)–(-0.002)).ConclusionsThe internal factors that correlated with pilot preconditions in Indonesia were Waist Circumference, HDL-Cholesterol, Fasting Blood Glucose, Personal Burnout, Work, and Client-related burnout. External factors that correlated with pilot preconditions were the Number of Sectors, Flight-Time One Year and Sleep duration. These findings emphasize the need to address physical and mental health aspects of pilots to enhance aviation safety.

Background Pilot errors and preconditions are major concerns that affected by multiple factors physiologically, psychologically and psychosocially. This study aimed to analyse the correlation between the internal and external risk factors, and pilot preconditions in Indonesia. Methods A cross-sectional study design with purposive sampling, directed to male pilots who had flight duty in the past seven days, underwent medical examination at the Aviation Medical Center, Jakarta, August 12–16, 2024. The data were collected through a self-report questionnaire, Trail Making Test A and B, laboratory tests (plasma lipid, fasting blood glucose), and physical measurements (height, weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure). The independent variables divided into internal factors (Age, Burnout, Metabolic Syndrome parameters); and external factors (Flight Time, Duty Time, Unscheduled Flight Duty, Number of Sectors, Sleep Duration). The dependent variables were pilot preconditions based on the Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). Results A total of 122 participants participated and 28.7% had an Unscheduled Flight Duty in the last 30 days. Significant correlations were found between Adverse Mental State and HDL-Cholesterol (95%CI=1.52–5.80), Adverse Physiological State and Burnout [Personal (95%CI=0.005–0,04), Work-Related (95%CI=0.009–0.042)], Physical Mental Limitation and Fasting Blood Glucose (95%CI=(-0.479)–(-0.071)), Number of Sectors (95%CI=0.022–3.001). For Personal Readiness (PR), significant correlation was found between PR-Psychological Demand and Flight-Time One Year (95%CI=(0.000–0.001), Sleep Duration (95%CI=(-0.137)–(-0.013)), Waist Circumference (95%CI=(-0.014)–(-0.002)), PR-Social Support and Sleep Duration (95%IK=0.018–0.207), Client-Related Burnout (95%IK=(-0.011)–(-0.002)). Conclusions The internal factors that correlated with pilot preconditions in Indonesia were Waist Circumference, HDL-Cholesterol, Fasting Blood Glucose, Personal Burnout, Work, and Client-related burnout. External factors that correlated with pilot preconditions were the Number of Sectors, Flight-Time One Year and Sleep duration. These findings emphasize the need to address physical and mental health aspects of pilots to enhance aviation safety.

BackgroundPilot errors and preconditions are major concerns that affected by multiple factors physiologically, psychologically and psychosocially. This study aimed to analyse the correlation between the internal and external risk factors, and pilot preconditions in Indonesia.MethodsA cross-sectional study design with purposive sampling, directed to male pilots who had flight duty in the past seven days, underwent medical examination at the Aviation Medical Center, Jakarta, August 12–16, 2024. The data were collected through a self-report questionnaire, Trail Making Test A and B, laboratory tests (plasma lipid, fasting blood glucose), and physical measurements (height, weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure). The independent variables divided into internal factors (Age, Burnout, Metabolic Syndrome parameters); and external factors (Flight Time, Duty Time, Unscheduled Flight Duty, Number of Sectors, Sleep Duration). The dependent variables were pilot preconditions based on the Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (HFACS).ResultsA total of 122 participants participated and 28.7% had an Unscheduled Flight Duty in the last 30 days. Significant correlations were found between Adverse Mental State and HDL-Cholesterol (95%CI=1.52–5.80), Adverse Physiological State and Burnout [Personal (95%CI=0.005–0,04), Work-Related (95%CI=0.009–0.042)], Physical Mental Limitation and Fasting Blood Glucose (95%CI=(-0.479)–(-0.071)), Number of Sectors (95%CI=0.022–3.001). For Personal Readiness (PR), significant correlation was found between PR-Psychological Demand and Flight-Time One Year (95%CI=(0.000–0.001), Sleep Duration (95%CI=(-0.137)–(-0.013)), Waist Circumference (95%CI=(-0.014)–(-0.002)), PR-Social Support and Sleep Duration (95%IK=0.018–0.207), Client-Related Burnout (95%IK=(-0.011)–(-0.002)).ConclusionsThe internal factors that correlated with pilot preconditions in Indonesia were Waist Circumference, HDL-Cholesterol, Fasting Blood Glucose, Personal Burnout, Work, and Client-related burnout. External factors that correlated with pilot preconditions were the Number of Sectors, Flight-Time One Year and Sleep duration. These findings emphasize the need to address physical and mental health aspects of pilots to enhance aviation safety.

This paper outlines the formulation of strategies for small, Usaha kecil mikro dan menengah (UMKM) in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic in Metro City, where very tight business competition and declining public income as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic forced entrepreneurs to apply the best strategic management to deal with current economic downturn. The target of the service activity is MSME Metro actors who are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, then UMKM actors are asked to fill out pre-test and post-test, then the data is processed, so as to produce data in the form of a description of the explanation of internal environmental studies in increasing the capacity of Metro City UMKM actors in improving business opportunities during the pandemic. The author describes the analysis of strategies that can be divided into 2, namely the analysis of internal factors and analysis of external factors. Internal factor analysis will discuss further the strengths and weaknesses of the business and external factor analysis will discuss opportunities and threats that can occur in the company. Internal and external factors of strategic management are usually acronymized as SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threath). to support efforts to increase income during the pandemic through internal environmental scanning efforts. Although this commitment is informal and has not yet formed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU).

ABSTRACTWe develop machine learning models that incorporate both external (deterministic) and internal (voluntaristic) factors affecting firm failure and survival. Using structured and unstructured data, we empirically investigate the external and internal factors that affect the US manufacturing firms’ business failure. We also examine how the interactions between external shocks and firm responses impact business failure. Our findings indicate that while external factors can significantly impact the likelihood that firms fail, specific management responses to these challenges can effectively mitigate the negative effects and contribute to firm survival.

Several studies have found that e-commerce can have a positive impact on any type of business. Some surveys show that the use of e-commerce in Latvia is a problem for most companies in the SME sector; however, there is still a lack of in-depth research to justify the directions of action contained in strategic policy documents. The purpose of the article is to provide analysis of external and internal factors that affect the use of electronic commerce in the SME sector. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to identify the factors that most positively and negatively affect the e-commerce development of companies. Data from the expert survey were used to conduct the analysis with the AHP method. 17 experts from the state administration, academia and the business environment participated in the survey, who assessed the impact of various internal and external factors on the use of e-commerce in companies. Since the application of e-commerce in companies is one of the measures for faster recovery of the state of the national economy, including developing the export of the SME sector in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period, recommendations have been prepared for public and commercial organizations to have a positive impact on the use of e-commerce in SMEs.