Evolution of δ ferrite in a CF3 cast stainless steel upon neutron irradiation to 3, 5, 10, 20, and 40 dpa

Abstract

The microstructural evolution of delta ferrite in a CF3 cast stainless steel irradiated to 3, 5, 10, 20, and 40 dpa with two dose rates was studied with atom probe tomography (APT) and transmission electron microscopy. Spinodal decomposition and G-phase precipitates induced by neutron irradiation and thermal aging were quantified systematically. The neutron irradiation significantly enhances the spinodal decomposition in delta ferrite as both the spinodal wavelength (i.e. a characteristic repeat distance) and amplitude (i.e. magnitude of elemental concentration fluctuation) increase after irradiation. The wavelength only varies slightly when the dose increases from 5 to 40 dpa, while the amplitude increases dramatically from 10 to 20 dpa and starts to saturate before 20 dpa. The dose rate and irradiation temperature also have a notable effect on the spinodal wavelength and amplitude. The study shows that higher dose rate promotes a larger wavelength at given irradiation doses. Regarding the G-phase precipitates, a slightly lower irradiation temperature would result in a smaller mean size of G-phase precipitates, while a lower irradiation dose rate would lead to a larger G-phase precipitates at a given temperature and dose. Overall, the spinodal decomposition and G-phase precipitates in the delta ferrite continue to evolve with the increasing dose beyond 10 dpa. This study confirms that the formation of G-phase precipitates at the interdomain region between alpha and alpha-prime is facilitated by the Si and Mo atoms rejected from Fe rich alpha phase and the Ni and Mn atoms rejected from Cr rich alpha-prime phase. Neutron irradiation plays a dominant role in the ferrite instability, and the effect of prior thermal aging at 400°C for 10,000 hours is negligible as the dose is 3 dpa and above.