Evolution and growth of inland navigation in travancore

1. Introduction Rural urban linkages in the present increasingly intertwined. This is due to mutual needs of rural-urban, expansion of rural-urban road network, increasing the means of transport, and supported the advancement of rural communities. Urban rural linkages visible manifestation of the intensity of the movement of people, money and goods (MUB) from rural to urban areas or vice versa. Movement of people in the form of activity the way to work, family visits, visits to social activities, recreation, as well as for shopping trips. The movement of goods in the form of transfer of agricultural products, industrial products and other goods. While the movement of money, among others, in the form of investments from residents of the town to the village, and the results of this investment will flow back into the city. MUB movement is reciprocated. Rural urban linkages birth of a new development for the village and for the city. This is caused by the difference in the potential of the rural and urban areas, and the common interest. Interactions also occur only the village to the city but also in the village itself between regions within the village (Bintarto, 1989). There are differences between the shape and intensity of linkages with the urban rural interaction in the village. The form of rural urban linkages among others, is the movement of goods from the countryside to the city or vice versa as the transfer of agricultural products, industrial products and mining products, the movement of ideas and information, especially from cities to villages, the movement of people in the form of recreation, urbanization, population mobility both in nature circulation or commutation. While the existence of interactions inside the village, actually not too much different from the rural urban linkages, only in a smaller scale. But the impact caused by rural urban linkages will remain the same with the interaction in the village. The following Figure 1 illustration rural urban linkages. Figure 1 illustrates that the village and the town has a role that is equally important, especially in the flow of people, money and goods, the regional economic development. If the role of villages and cities can work well, the corresponding relationships (economic) between urban and rural areas can be achieved. The importance of rural urban linkage is in the network area to create sustainable economic growth. Movement MUB encourage the activity flow of information, ideas, knowledge and technology from urban to rural, and its effects will open the remoteness of the village that has been happening. MUB movement, also will increase the chance to make the village community, accelerate rural economic development, so as to reduce the rural-urban urbanization and the subsequent impact is to reduce the number and level of poverty. Reduction of rural-urban urbanization and the number of poor people will be faster successful when rural-urban relations, particularly economic relations, based on fair trade (Marike De Pena, 2015) that trading is transparent, open, and do not marginalize the lives of the villagers. MUB movement and building trades 'fair' will be more quickly realized when focused on a village Rural Urban Fringe (RUF). It is based on that RUF is located between the city and the village, where residents have agricultural and non agricultural jobs. Stretching the economy in rural RUF with transparent trading will lead to opportunities sought in agricultural and non agricultural sector more open wide, and is expected to reduce poverty in the RUF and other villages around the zone RUF. There are two issues that will be examined: (a) analyze the relationship between rural urban linkages and poverty, and (b) to analyze the development of fair trade in the RUF areas. 2. Study of Literature Rural Urban Linkages Rural urban linkages is defined as the relationship of social structure, economy, culture, and politics among individuals and groups that exist in the environment and rural areas (Lesetedi in Ndabeni, 2013). …

The purpose of the Article is to highlight the changes in the border crossing situation in Ukraine due to the Russian Federation‘s aggression and the same time present visions of the strategic development of the state border protection, management of border crossing procedures from a business point of view through lenses of four fundamental freedoms of the European Union single market: the free movement of goods, capital, services, and people, known collectively as the “four freedoms”. The author of this paper presents his visions on potential directions for formatting the Integrated Border Management Strategy for the upcoming 10-30 years. It is important to have a grand strategy for Ukraine, especially in the country’s national security and economic development. Ben Shalom Bernanke, an American economist who served as the 14th chairman of the Federal Reserve from 2006 to 2014, winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics Nobel for work with other economists in “How societies deal with financial crises” stated that “only a strong economy can create higher asset values and sustainably good returns for savers”. Amongst many other factors influencing country’s economy is border crossing procedures. In February 2019, Ukrainian President signed a constitutional amendment committing the country to become a member of NATO and the European Union. It also affected significant changes in trade partners and the direction of the country’s future development. These decisive steps of Ukraine toward rule of law, and prosperity infuriated, and buried the Russian Federation as the so-called Soviet Union successor’s ambiguous plan to restore the former Soviet empire. The first phase of the Russian Federation’s aggression against Ukraine in 2014 came to the most brutal second phase on 24 February 2022. It impacts modes and means of transporting goods in Ukraine, directions of cargo, and trade partners; significantly changes movement of goods inside and outside of Ukraine, passengers carriers activities, and influx of refugees. It caused long queues for many kilometers’ at border crossing points at the Western and Southern part of Ukraine. Key words: strategy; state border; economy; border crossing; border management

The article analyzes that in the conditions of globalization the world economy is developing in the direction of increasing integrity, at the same time feeling the influence of destructive processes, centrifugal, disintegrating forces. In opposition to these trends, the main contradictions of the era are expressed, the traditional processes of interstate integration are intensifying, the purpose of which is not so much the expansion and liberalization of international markets, but primarily protectionist protection and common customs regulation within global economic exchange. It is determined that the movement towards integrity in the process of globalization is disharmonious and uneven in different spheres of socio-economic life. The movement of goods, services, capital actually means the creation of a global reproductive integrity with all its inherent features (cyclical, economic gaps, etc.). At the same time, in the sphere of politics, intercivilizational and intercultural interaction, the process is reversed from movement to integrity. It is substantiated that the key role in understanding modern economic transformations is played by the creation of a fundamentally new theory of economic and technological development, its value criteria and indicators. It is analyzed that traditional ideas based on resource components of growth, measured by incremental values of output, income, production and others, at the beginning of the XXI century have exhausted themselves, because the qualitative transformation of the structure and mechanism of social reproduction requires rethinking the system of factors and sources of economic and technological development. The traditional scheme: labor, land and capital - even with the mechanical addition of science and information to it is no longer able to explain the changes taking place in the world at the beginning of the XXI century.

Quality education is an effective instrument for promoting economic development. It equips individuals with the skills and knowledge necessary to secure improved employment, achieve higher earnings and contribute to the economy. This study critically analyses the relationship between economic development and Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4) – Quality Education within the context of education for sustainable development. It aims to explore the dearth of traditional economic development paradigms in promoting holistic human well-being and propose alternative approaches that prioritise high-quality education to achieve sustainable development. This study draws on the sustainable development concept articulated and expanded by various scholars in the literature that was reviewed. It further explores the principles of education for sustainable development (ESD) as outlined by UNESCO and analyses various economic frameworks such as the Green Economy, Well-being Economics and Doughnut Economics. As a conceptual study, the researcher reviewed existing literature on economic development, sustainable development and education. The study synthesises findings from various studies to critically analyse the interplay between economic growth and quality education. Furthermore, the findings emphasise the potential of ESD in promoting sustainable development. The analysis reveals that traditional economic development paradigms, which focus heavily on GDP growth, often neglect social equity and environmental sustainability, thereby resulting in a failure to advance holistic human well-being. In contrast, integrating quality education as a core component of development strategies may significantly contribute to the progress towards sustainable development. Education empowers individuals, by equipping the with knowledge and skills, encourages critical thinking and promotes environmental stewardship. As a result, education helps to align economic operations with broader social and environmental objectives. This study emphasises the need for policymakers to embrace holistic and inclusive approaches for economic development that give priority to quality education. Reforms in educational systems are necessary to prioritise critical thinking and sustainability. Additionally, investments should be made in teacher training and interdisciplinary learning. The findings support the need to transition from growth-centric development models that prioritise economic growth to models that consider and balance economic, social and environmental objectives, ensuring a future that is both sustainable and equitable.

The study investigates whether or not access and quality of education contributes to the development process and economic well being of Botswana by (1) examining the impact of access to education on economic development, (2) establishing the relationship between quality of education and economic development and (3) testing the causal relationship between education and economic development. The study uses time series data from 1980 to 2014 which was analyzed using vector error correction model and vector auto regression approaches to test both long and short run relationships respectively. The paper provides a strong background on the political economy of education in Botswana since independence to date as a departure from our current understanding in literature. Findings show that the level of access to education has a positive and significant effect on the level of economic development; there is bidirectional causality between quality of education and the level of economic development; unidirectional causality moves from economic development to access to education. The study suggests that access to education should be complemented by enhancing more employment creation to forester long term development and private investment in inventory and tangible assets should be enhanced. Attracting more foreign direct investment and maintaining low inflation improves quality of education in the short as they work through enhanced economic development.

Transport is an important and radipdly growing activity in modern society. It is an essential element of many production processes where movement of goods or labour is required (freight transport, business travel, commuting). But it also plays an important role in the consumption sector where households need travel for leisure, shopping and other activities. Moreover, transport itself is an important industry in many countries. In the Netherlands, for example, it contributes 8 percent to the GDP, whereas for the European Economic Community this is 7 percent. A clear relationship can be envisaged between total population growth and economic growth on the one hand, and total mobility on the other. But mobility has grown more than proportionally relative to these two indicators. A number of reasons account for this disproportionate growth. First, economic activities have diversified while production has become more specialized and spatially segregated. This has resulted in an increasing movement of freight and services between firms and between units of multi-plant firms. The impact of these trends on freight transport was reinforced by new developments in the logistics of goods handling, especially the so called ‘just-in-time’ principle, which is relatively transport intensive. Here, stock-in-trade is held as low as possible, in order to minimize capital losses and save storage space. Second, the spatial pattern of firms and households has become more dispersed, due to the large suburbanisation process of the last decades, resulting in longer travel distances. This process was facilitated by large investments in road transport infrastructure. Third, due to the improved standard of life, private car ownership has grown dramatically in the last decades.KeywordsPublic ChoicePublic TransportEmission FactorTransport ModeTransport SectorThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Theoretical and methodological approaches to the evaluation of the quality of higher education WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF the world's higher education institutions rating S А. V. Kaydalovа, О. V. Posylkina National pharmaceutical University,Kharkov Summary : In the article we have reviewed the world rankings of the higher education institutions; principles and methodology of ratings, their key indicators, the indices of ranking the higher education institutions and their role in assessing the quality of education. Keywords : quality of education, world rankings of the higher education institutions, indicating indices in determining ratings, criteria for evaluation of the quality level. Іntroduction. The question of the participation of local educational institutions, including medical and pharmaceutical ones, in the world rankings is regarded as a serious problem during the recent years, which is widely discussed inUkraine. At the present stage of development of the higher education the ratings of HEI turn to be seen not only as a means of competitiveness, but also as instruments of assurance of the higher educational quality. To form the national system of ranking of the universities, including medical and pharmaceutical profile, it is important to analyze the international experience of building different ratings. In the system of providing and evaluating the quality of education, the internal and external monitoring of the university plays an important role. If the internal monitoring - is an assessment by the university of its own activity, the external monitoring - is an assessment of the quality of education by the state, society and the educational environment. The aim of this publication is to analyze the methodology of forming global university rankings of the universities, formulation of guidelines and indicators of ranking, the study of the specificity of the external evaluation of the quality of education to strengthen the international domestic medical and pharmaceutical universities that train future specialists in the pharmaceutical field. Results and discussion. Analysis of foreign experience has highlighted that the processes of formation, development and improvement of the world educational systems have been developing in different ways at the international level. In scientific sources it is noted that the European system of the quality of education is based on the standards and recommendations, the principles of which are: the interest of students and employers in the quality of education, autonomy of institutions, internal and external quality of assurance of educational services [3, 5, 11]. It should be noted that the history of the world university ranking was absent up to the eighties. This was due to the lack of competition, both in domestic and foreign educational space. The first step in conducting the external evaluation of the university was the publication by the magazine US News & World Report in 1983 the first in the world ranking of universities, which launched the process of globalization of the higher education. The main purpose of this rating was to provide applicants with information. In aspects of the studing problem it has been found out that for the time being there are more than 50 national and over 10 international ratings for the evaluation of universities [1, 8]. The aim of international ratings is to determine the best universities in the world and evaluation of their activities, but each rating involves the use of its own indices to determine the competitive potential in the universities. During our research we have analyzed the most famous and internationally recognized the global systems of monitoring and ranking of universities and compiled a chronology of the world rankings and summarized their main quantitative characteristics. According to the analysis of the official sources [12-25] it has been found out that the world university rankings have both general trends and significant differences. Common principles of ratings are the following ones: consideration of different indicators with their further grouping due to the validity coefficients, which are determined in each rating individually and also principles of ranking of universities without taking into account their scientific and educational activities. Сonclusions The results of the research methodology and the formation of the international ratings of higher educational institutions showed, first of all, the multiplicity of approaches to assessing the quality of education, variety of criteria for assessing the quality of education, lack of scientifically validated studies of indicators ranking. To ensure quality at the national level and the University level, including pharmaceutical and medical profile, the formation of certain ratings to assess the activities of domestic universities, which requires further research methodology of domestic and national rankings of various countries based on the experience of the world rankings and the use of the most important indicators in the construction of the system of internal monitoring of the activities of the university.

Education is one aspect of development that is included in non-physical development. Therefore, it is important to assurance the quality of education in order to have an impact on sustainable development in various fields, especially human resources and the economy of a country. This study uses the Importance Performance Analysis method to measure how far the performance results are towards the expected level of importance of Al Rosyid Islamic Boarding School students in Bojonegoro. This research is focused on the quality of Islamic boarding school education, this is because Islamic boarding schools are Islamic education in Indonesia most of which are based in the regions. So this can be used as a reference for assessing the quality of education for Islamic boarding schools in regional areas to enhance human and economic development. The results of this study indicate that students there are satisfied with the results of the performance of Islamic boarding schools in managing education both academic, non-academic, and diniyah. Although said to be satisfied, the expectations of students and some boarding school dwellers still do not meet the values determined by them. Most still expect improvements. Therefore this study is very necessary for decision makers to be able to see new perspectives in non-physical based development, especially in the field of sustainable education.Keywords: economy, development, economic development, Islamic economic development, education, quality of education, Islamic boarding school

Global Development, Converging Divergence and Development Studies: A Rejoinder

The six member nations of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) have witnessed a significant jump in the quality of education since only the 1970s—becoming sovereign because of boom in oil resources and petrodollar prevalence—to the extent that the level of their higher education system nearly fulfills all Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) standards. Among successful criteria undertaken by the most GCC universities are establishing partnerships with other foreign universities in developed countries and following international organizations’, such as UNESCO and the World Bank, recommendations by focusing on establishing knowledge economies in line with globalization. Looking into the GCC success stories, the focus of this research paper is Egypt, after the country’s last revolution on January 25, 2011. The Arab Republic of Egypt has a strategic location worldwide, is a vital peace keeper, especially in the Middle East and the Arab region, and has a rich oriental heritage: cultural, social, and traditional, in addition to its unique pharaonic history. Suggested selection of some tools of assessment would be elaborated in the Methodology section to assess the quality of national tertiary education. This chapter aimed at generally highlighting some aspects of evolution of national post-secondary system during the last two decades in an effort to come up with findings and recommendations to promote country’s higher education system. As in many other developing countries, in Egypt the university constitutes a social and political hope, and is one of the pillars of social mobility and economic development for the country. However, professional endeavors are repeatedly turned down in finding a suitable job or at least entering the labor market, resulting in a rise in unemployment rate. This is due to, on the one hand, the nature of the labor market, hence the fact that the supply of graduates exceeds the market demand for them, and on the other hand, the negatively affected quality of higher education, especially in the public sector, mainly being overloaded, which produces weak qualified potential employees. This—among other factors—contributes to the downfall of country’s economy. Many who graduate from a stronger private system encounter difficulties in either being classified as overqualified, and hence get refused and are unemployed, or are placed in a position that under evaluates their capabilities, and hence with time lose enthusiasm or escape (brain drain). In conclusion, conducting a comparison between Egypt’s private and public universities, as expected beforehand, would be in favor of the former because of having better facilities and qualified faculty, earning higher salaries, in addition to the use of advanced equipment and technology in academic research. Therefore, this research intended to expand in future the comparison to include other countries from the Middle East and North Africa region—similar to Egypt in its economic and social compositions—for mutual benefits of learning from the best practices and successful models.

Inadequate educational resources, insufficient and unqualified teachers and health care providers, and lack of community involvement, are some of the causes that contribute to the poor state of education and health in rural Bangladesh. This is although, it is well known that, access to quality education and scientific knowledge is essential for creating economic growth and sustainable human development, including poverty alleviation and improvement of human health. In all countries and in the developing countries in particular, there is a need to employ Information and Communication Technology, ICT to gain global access to learning. ICT can address issues of educational equity, social exclusion and can deliver a more effective and accessible educational opportunities. It can also reduce cost of reaching and educating many rural students who are deprived of creative education due to lack of qualified teaching force. In Bangladesh, the education curriculum has been modernized to meet an international standard. For various reasons, qualified teachers are not keen to move to rural areas. The same is true in areas of health sectors where qualified medical doctors are not willing to move to rural areas. Therefore, we find enormous potentials for contribution of e-Learning and e-Health in empowering the rural educators as well as health care providers. A pilot project to test the potentials of e-Learning is implemented at a village Nohata in Magura district in Bangladesh (www.nuhat.org). Started in 2006, it has been using ICT tools to communicate, learn, and access international quality educational content. International quality teachers have been conducting teaching using videoconference system. Various relevant e-Learning aids have been developed to meet the local needs and conditions, you tube programmes covering different topics are carefully selected to meet the appropriate requirement of different target groups. The links are downloaded so that the students, the teachers, health workers, patients can follow the links off line, as many times as they want and discuss among themselves. The ICT tools are also being used to improve access to health care; enhance the quality of service delivery; improve the effectiveness of public health and primary care interventions; improve the shortage of health professionals through collaboration and training. ICT tools are offering solutions for emergency medical assistance, long-distance consultation, supervision quality assurance, and education and training for healthcare professionals and providers. The main challenges are to empower the rural people through creating locally relevant content for improving proficiency in English language, Mathematics, Science and Health care application and services considering the socio-cultural factors, to achieve health, education and economic development. Through careful selection and creation of relevant e-Learning materials, we intend to develop the rural community using the potential of rural people and adopting participatory approaches for building knowledge, skills and capacity.

Global trade—the movement of goods, services, people, and capital between countries—is at the center of modern globalization. Since the late 20th century trade has also become established as a critical determinant of public health. As the raison d’être of trade is to increase both wealth and the availability of goods and services, changing trade patterns will inevitably impact many of the known determinants of health, including employment, nutrition, environmental factors, social capital, and education. Trade will also impact the health sector itself, most clearly through direct trade in health-related goods and services (such as pharmaceuticals, health workers, foreign direct investment in health services, and mobile patients), but also more broadly in determining tax receipts and thus overall public expenditures. It is also the case that trade—especially rapid and widespread movement of people, animals, and goods—may facilitate the rapid and widespread spread of disease. Trade, and associated policies governing and responding to that trade, has thus become increasingly recognized as a critical driver of health issues. The design of trade policies that reduce the potential health risks associated with freer trade while maximizing the positive impact of trade liberalization on the social determinants of health is still in its infancy. There remains a lack of sound empirical evidence demonstrating how trade liberalization links directly and indirectly to health. Even though the positive link between increased trade, poverty reduction, and economic growth is widely accepted, evidence regarding the impact of trade liberalization on the social determinants of health varies from one national context to another. Hence, adapting trade liberalization to national conditions is important in ensuring desired outcomes. Yet although evidence is necessary, it is not sufficient to ensure that health is more integrated in trade negotiations and decision-making. There is a substantive requirement for those with a health remit to engage in negotiation with those from other sectors and from other geographic locations.

The world is being transformed by globalization. Although globalization is not a new phenomenon, a number of political, economic and technological developments have facilitated an increasingly integrated global economy (Gilpin 2000: 7) through unprecedented interaction and growing interdependence between nations, people and cultures. The Economist Intelligence Unit classifies the three main components of globalization as the movements of goods, capital and labour (EIU 2008b). These dimensions are all closely interrelated, but particular attention has been focused on the movement of goods and capital, and fewer comparative studies are available on the movement of people. This global movement of people now affects countries at every level of economic development: “Migrants now depart from and arrive in almost every country in the world, making it increasingly difficult to sustain the distinction that has traditionally been made between countries of origin, transit and destination” (GCIM 2005b: 789). A leading academic in the field of migration, Professor Marcelo Suarez-Orozco, estimates that, every second, 25 people cross a national border, accounting for more than 1 billion international journeys in 2007 alone. The United Nations estimates that 1 out of every 10 people worldwide is either a diaspora member or linked to them as families left behind. These growing global networks, cross-border links and, perhaps most notably, economic factors are predicted to result in even greater numbers of migrants in the future (Martin 2003: 6). However, although the processes of globalization have created wealth and opportunity, broad global issues remain, such as the disparity between the world’s rich and poor. These global challenges and the issues surrounding global migration will require increased cooperation at the local, national and international levels.

Ensuring the safety and security of countries is a priority for governments worldwide. As a member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Nigeria has supported the integration and movement of goods, people, and services through the adoption of the Protocol on Free Movement (PFM). However, the unrestricted movement of people across porous borders can pose security threats, particularly with the trafficking of small arms and light weapons (SALW). This paper examines the potential security threats that could arise from the protocol on free movement of people and goods and highlights the importance of collaboration with other countries to achieve safe and secure borders. The study utilized a desk research method that relied heavily on secondary data to analyze relevant materials. The findings indicate that while the protocol enhances economic integration and financial stability, organized transnational criminal networks have taken advantage of free movement to perpetuate various forms of crime such as human trafficking, arms trafficking, and terrorism. The paper argues that regional integration is crucial but must be balanced with the need to maintain National Security in Nigeria. To address the challenges posed by free movement, the paper recommends that the Nigerian government needs to be strategic while endorsing international treaties to reflect the national interest of securing the Country. Strategies should be developed to monitor porous borders to check the illegal flow of arms, and efforts should be made to mop up illegal arms through the speedy establishment of the National Commission for the coordination and control of the proliferation of small Arms and Light Weapon (NATCOM) bill awaiting assent from the president. Additionally, intelligence sharing should be enhanced to promote regional integration while maintaining national security.

In South Asia, the movement of people and goods across borders is strictly controlled by states. However, there are some exceptions to these factors. India–Nepal border, for instance, is peaceful and porous with minimal restrictions on the movement of goods and people. Albeit there are times when border issues between these two friendly neighbours have taken a critical turn. One such recent border-related problem between India and Nepal was witnessed during the Madheshi movement. In 2015, an agitating section of the Madheshi community blocked the India–Nepal border. Due to the sociocultural proximity of Madheshi community with India, the blockade of the Indo-Nepal border has had repercussions on the bilateral ties. Conceptually, this article argues how border shapes relations between neighbours in South Asia. Empirically the recent blockade of the India–Nepal border is presented as an example to substantiate the primary argument of this article. There is also an attempt in this article to study the recent changes in the India–Nepal relations from the perspective of border studies.