Evolución de los indicadores ambientales del turismo sostenible en Colombia

The purpose of this document is to provide the different stakeholders of tourism in Colombia with an objective overview of the factors associated with competitiveness and sustainability, enabling the establishment and analysis of potential management scenarios, which must be managed correctly, to obtain suitable positioning and profitability indicators in global markets. The researchers analyzed 22 geographical areas, considering a quantitative descriptive, and principal components analysis, through the use of the SPSS statistical tool. The results allow identifying that the most representative variables are the cultural, economic, marketing strategies, and infrastructure factors, therefore, they should continue to be managed with public and private resources in the framework of guaranteeing continuity and potential improvement. However, aspects inherent to the environmental area, destination management, business management, and social management should be the object of public policies with greater efficacy, efficiency, and effectiveness, to mitigate the existing gaps with other tourist destinations. Likewise, the work highlights the relevance of developing comprehensive projects at the national level, which can generate effects on the multiple variables associated with the competitiveness and sustainability of tourism in Colombia because it represents one of the most important sectors for the national economy due to its contribution in terms of wealth generation and social welfare.

This article presents a process of inquiry to describe the professional profile of the tourism sector, demanded by Colombian companies in the post-pandemic period. The objective of this article is to validate that what students are learning through Higher Education Institutions that train professionals in hospitality and tourism in Colombia at the professional level, corresponds to the needs of the sector. The categories covered in this article are tourism and education. The approach is qualitative where the analysis is interpretative and reflective, seeking to understand the experience of the professional profile of the tourism sector. Likewise, the instruments used were interviews with different actors of the sector to present and analyse the professional profile, knowing what is critical point of knowledge and the soft skills required to positively impact the sector through its management contributing to the competitiveness of Colombian tourism recognizing the professional demand of the sector; as a result of this exercise, it was evidenced that the level of education in tourism is a relevant factor that can directly affect the competitiveness of the tourism sector and the economy of the countries.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present an overview of tourism policy in Colombia and explain the measures being adopted to enhance the competitiveness and the economic contribution of the tourism sector.Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents an historical perspective on tourism in Colombia from 1998 to 2008 and explains the policy initiatives that have been designed to advance the development of tourism and expand the impact of sustainable ecotourism as a strategy for promoting conservation and protection of the Amazon rainforest in Colombia.FindingsThe paper discusses the success of Colombia where tourism grew (and is projected to grow) at a rate faster than that predicted for global tourism. The partnerships forged at the national level have also been important to implement policy decisions aimed at the development of sustainable tourism.Practical implicationsMember Countries of the Treaty of Amazon Cooperation that have not yet defined or elaborated a mid‐ to long‐term national tourism development strategy would find the Colombia model a useful point of reference.Originality/valueThis paper holds special value for those working in the areas of tourism policy development and tourism planning in Amazon Member Countries.

Tourism is a relevant economic activity for the Colombian government and given the comparative advantages that the country has, ecotourism is a prioritized focus on productive development. For tourism, the government has developed a series of information systems that allow territorial entities to make decisions and inform themselves about the activity, however these may not consider variables related to sustainable development. In this paper we propose an Information System for Nature Tourism in Colombia, where through the use of CRISP-DM, we obtain a functional prototype that allows the visualization of different variables relevant to ecotourism, in order to identify opportunities and gaps in the departments of Colombia. The prototype is socialized with experts and evidence that the system is useful to analyze the business and a series of recommendations are left for the scalability of the exercise. © 2019 AISTI.

Since the normalization of tourism in Colombia resulting from improved security and the pacification of various regions of the country, increased attention has been paid to the key role of tourism in regional economic development. The objective of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the tourism sector and economic development in Colombia. To examine the dynamic relationship existing between international tourism and economic development, the 33 departments of Colombia are analyzed between 2012 and 2021. The empirical analysis is conducted using non-parametric tools, derived from symbolic time series analysis, based on the notion of economic regime and clustering techniques. This offers a contribution in two aspects: on the one hand, a novel methodology is applied, and, on the other hand, regional-level analysis is performed. A limited mobility of the departments between the different regimes has been observed during this period, indicating the stability of the variables analyzed. The results of the study suggest that the relationship between tourism and economic development differs in the different groups of departments identified, offering evidence of differences within the country. It should be noted that the group of departments with the highest level of tourism displays a high level of economic development and growth.

The concept and practices of sustainable development for highland agriculture have been introduced in northern Thailand via the Royal Project Foundation (RPF) since 1969. The sustainability pathway has initiated by introducing of substitute temperate perennial fruits as commercial crops that earn greater benefit than opium to highlanders. However, there is no an appropriate a set of environmental and sustainability-relevant indicators to monitor and measure the progress and success of such practices. The objective of this research is to study appropriate environmental indicators to be introduced and used to monitor sustainable highland agriculture and its potential for application through a case study on the demonstration plots of the Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station. The conceptual framework of Driving Forces-Pressures-State-Impacts-Responses (DPSIR) and the agri-environmental indicators developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), as well as relevant data collected by direct observation were used to develop environmental indicators, measure and describe issues of the state of study area, in order to formulate and develop a semi-structured questionnaire and then applied to experts. A purposive sampling method was used to select eight experts who have relevant knowledge and background on environment and/or agriculture as well as their work experiences at the Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station. Selected environmental indicators by expert judgments were introduced to the officials of the study station by using questionnaire for in-depth interview. The study found that the relevant data of study were 17 environmental indicators which be grouped into 4 categories, namely farm management, use of farm inputs and natural resources, environmental impacts of agriculture and farm structure and farm financial resources. The research findings revealed that experts and officials mutually agreed on ten environmental indicators including farm management standard, nutrient management plan, pest management plan, soil conservation management, nutrient use, pesticide use, land use, biodiversity, farm income and agricultural output that are appropriately used to monitor sustainability highland agriculture. The study has shown some limitations, challenges and also recommends such a set of environmental indicators should be further studied, properly introduced and modified to highland farmers as well as research on the suitable social and economic indicators to enhance sustainability of highland agriculture in a holistic approach.

Social Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Tourism in Colombia: A Baseline Study in Post-conflict Regions

This article analyzes the evolution of sustainable tourism in Colombia, a crucial area for the prosperity and advancement of the nation. Despite its considerable potential, the tourism boom has triggered significant ecological and social difficulties. The initiatives presented aim to reduce the adverse impacts of tourism, such as greenhouse gas emissions and environmental damage, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals proposed by the UN. Government and private sector efforts are highlighted to promote sustainable practices, although obstacles such as high resource consumption, waste generation and lack of adequate infrastructure persist, also highlighting the importance of environmental education and access to financing for small businesses. and medium-sized tourism companies. Colombia, with its abundant and varied biodiversity in flora and fauna, has the potential to become a fundamental pillar when it comes to the tourism sector. However, it is essential to harmonize economic growth with environmental conservation and the preservation of cultural heritage to ensure a positive legacy for future generations. Policies should focus on improving the management and promotion of cooperation between industries to ensure successful growth of sustainable tourism.

Social Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Tourism in Colombia: A Baseline Study in Post-conflict Regions

The "human health impacts assessment" described by Cox and Popken (this issue) is intended to be a benefit-risk tool that avoids pitfalls of using expert judgments for policy analysis or during strict application of the precautionary principle in risk management. The proposed benefit-risk calculation uses numerous assumptions and suppositions to calculate a ratio of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) lost for the number of human illness days prevented by the use of a food-animal antimicrobial drug, to the number of human illness days caused by the use of the antimicrobial drug. Assumptions about data--e.g., expert judgments on the representativeness of parameter estimates--are commonly used in risk assessment and risk management, including Cox and Popken's method. Cox and Popken apply the technique to specific examples of enrofloxacin and macrolides antimicrobial drugs, sometimes used in broiler chickens for human food. Although enthusiastically portrayed as a straightforward calculation of QALYs lost for two decision alternatives, Cox and Popken were silent on the pivotal expert judgment subsumed in their method: quality weights for illnesses caused by antimicrobial-resistant and antimicrobial-sensitive microbes are tacitly assumed to be equal. Yet, the costs in terms of prolonged illness, additional medications, repeat medical visits, and dread of more serious sequelae are expected to differ substantially for antimicrobial-resistant versus antimicrobial-sensitive illnesses. Despite their enthusiasm to the contrary, the "human health impacts assessment" by Cox and Popken is not immune from expert judgments in risk management.

Governmental bodies and companies are confronted with the problem of achieving rational consensus in the face of substantial uncertainties. The subject area of this special issue (risk and vulnerability assessments and management of critical infrastructures) might be a good example as are risk management of chemical installations and accident consequence management for nuclear power plants. Decisions with regard to infrastructures functioning and possible malfunctioning must be taken on the basis of predictions of technical and organizational system behaviour. These predictions use mathematical models containing scores of uncertain parameters. Decision makers want to take, and want to be perceived to take, these decisions in a rational manner. The question is, how can this be accomplished in the face of large uncertainties? One available source is experts in the many fields of interest within infrastructures. This paper describes the use of structured expert judgement in a formal manner. The paper refers to the Procedures Guide published by the European Union as EUR 18820. This Procedures Guide addresses two methods for using expert judgements developed at Delft University of Technology. The paired comparisons method is particularly suitable to identify the relative importance of attributes in the risk management arena, while the Classical Model, apt to arrive at subjective probability assessments, is particularly suitable to derive uncertainty distributions over model parameters. Examples will be referred to for further illustration of applications relevant in the field of risk assessment and risk management.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between collaborative governance inclusive tourism in fostering sustainable tourism development in Bali. Employing a quantitative approach, data was collected from a comprehensive sample of 137 tourism villages across in Bali. This study implemented Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) as a robust statistical methodology technique to analyze the relationship between collaborative governance, inclusive tourism, and sustainable tourism. This study draws upon the tenets of Collaboration Theory, which underscores the critical role of collaboration in realizing sustainable tourism villages. The findings of this research reveal that collaborative governance provides a significant positive influence on sustainable tourism. Notably, this impact is amplified by the moderating effect of inclusive tourism, suggesting that inclusive tourism plays a multifaceted and complex role in the intricate nexus between collaborative governance and sustainable tourism in tourism villages. Overall, the research suggests that the combination of collaborative governance and inclusive tourism is a powerful recipe for sustainable village tourism.

This study explores the evolution and regional impact of tourism in Italy, with particular attention to sustainable tourism practices. It situates the analysis within the broader economic and cultural context of the country and underscores the crucial role that sustainable tourism can play in supporting regional development.Using a multidisciplinary approach, this research integrates multiple data sources to analyse tourism dynamics in Italy. Data from institutions such as ISTAT and ENIT are complemented by qualitative assessments of industry trends and governmental reports, while statistical techniques are applied to evaluate tourism patterns and their economic implications. The study also draws on classical tourism-geography methods: observation, used to examine phenomena across different territorial scales; analysis, which decomposes the tourism system into its constituent parts (Iuga, 2009); and synthesis, which reintegrates analytical results to support interpretative frameworks (Cocean, 2002). These approaches, together with the traditional distinction between qualitative and quantitative methods, provide a comprehensive basis for studying sustainable tourism. The findings highlight the central role of tourism in Italy’s economy and underscore the potential of sustainable tourism as a driver of long-term development. This study contributes to the existing literature by offering an updated overview of tourism dynamics across Italian regions and by identifying avenues for further research on emerging models of sustainable and proximity-based tourism. The study highlights the need for strategic planning and policy action to strengthen sustainable tourism in Italian regions. Practical implications include targeted marketing, infrastructure investment, and community engagement. Embracing sustainable principles can enhance Italy’s competitiveness while preserving its cultural and environmental heritage.

The article emphasizes the significant role of environmental factors in the development of sustainable tourism. The essence of the competitiveness of the tourism and recreation sphere in the context of the environmental component is determined. The purpose of the article is to determine the environmental factors influencing the competitiveness of the tourism and recreation sphere of the region, evaluate them from the point of view of manageability, and determine the prerequisites for ensuring the sustainable development of the region. The main elements influencing the ecological stability of the tourism and recreation sphere are substantiated. Groups of managed and unmanaged environmental factors influencing the competitiveness of tourism and recreation are identified. The assessment of the competitiveness of the tourism and recreation sphere of the regions of Ukraine is based on the general methodological approaches used in the calculation of the travel and tourism competitiveness indices (The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index, TTCI). An algorithm and environmental indicators are defined. The results of the assessment of the impact of environmental factors on the competitiveness of the tourism and recreation sphere are presented. The article points out that in the conditions of the war and the post-war period, the assessment of the impact of environmental factors and the forecasting of their consequences on the competitiveness of the tourism and recreation sphere of the region is complicated by the need to carry it out from different positions: damage to natural resources and ecosystems; environmental pollution; loss of biodiversity; reconstruction of tourist identity. The following methods and strategies are proposed to contribute to the achievement of ecological development of the tourism and recreation industry: ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources; using environmentally friendly technologies and materials in hotels and other tourist infrastructure; developing ecotourism and other forms of tourism that contribute to the preservation of the natural environment and draw attention to environmental issues; applying the system of ecosystem restoration and waste minimization; developing ecological management of tourism; conducting environmental education among the local population and tourists.

Despite the valuable economic benefits of tourism, it must be highlighted that the tourism industry is an important source of stress for the environment with the main influence on tourist destinations. The aim of this study is to investigate the elements of environmental sustainability in tourism as key factors in the competitiveness of tourism using entropy methods. According to the authors’ knowledge, it is the first time that the entropy model applied to Environmental sustainability indicators, regarding entropy as a measure of non-uniformity among sustainability indicators of EU countries. The data of the EU were used and Environmental sustainability pillar of the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index. The results show that the total entropy of the competitiveness of tourism within the environmental sustainability sub-index of the EU countries speaks in favor of the uniformity of the indicators. The study also reveals significant differences among the EU27 in the domain of the Global Climate Risk index, Baseline water stress and Forest cover loss. Furthermore, convergence has been achieved so far in the indicators Red List Index and Environmental treaty ratification. Finally, the methodological approach of this study has the potential to be extrapolated worldwide, especially in the future era of global environmental problems.