Evaluation the bioeconomic impact of trash fish and artificial feed on production and profitability of Mangrove Red Snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) cultured in pond

The stable mass seed production technique of marble goby, Oxyeleotris marmoratus has not yet been established due to high mortality occurring on the early juvenile stage and/or after 40 days after hatching (d AH). In order to establish the mass seed production technique, O. marmoratus juveniles of 40 d AH were reared for 60 days to determine growth, survival and digestive enzyme activity at different types of feed (trash fish, artificial feed and Artemia sp. nauplii). Specific growth rate (5.32) and survival rate (91.3%) in juveniles fed Artemia sp. nauplii showed significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of juveniles fed trash fish and artificial feed. At the end of the experiment, the mean specific trypsin, amylase and lipase activities of juveniles fed Artemia sp. nauplii were recorded as 0.04 mU mg protein-1m-1, 0.114 mg maltose mg protein-1h-1 and 9.58 m Units, respectively, and they were significantly higher than those of juveniles fed trash fish and artificial feed. In the present study it was shown that O. marmoratus early juveniles had more efficient digestibility and absorption the nutrient when fed with Artemia.

The mangrove red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskål 1775) is a high value, euryhaline marine fish with potential as a species for freshwater aquaculture. This study evaluated the growth and cost efficiency of the species in a freshwater pond in two experiments with three replications: (a) comparing stocking densities: (1) 0.5; (2) 1; and (3) 3 fish fish•m-2 reared for six months fed three times a day with trash fish to apparent satiation; and (b) comparing feed types: (1) trash fish; (2) moist diet; and (3) formulated dry pellet at a stocking density of 1 fish•m-2 fed to apparent satiation three times a day for seven months. The stocking density (SD) experiment showed significantly higher weight gain, absolute growth and specific growth rate (P<0.05) in 0.5 fish•m-2 SD (184.9 g; 1.04 g•day-1; 2.50%/day) than 3 fish•m-2 SD (172.7 g; 0.96 g•day-1; 2.38 %•day-1). No significant difference was detected between 0.5 fish•m-2 SD and 1 fish•m-2 nor between 1 fish•m-2 and 3 fish•m-2 (P>0.05). Survival rate (SR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not statistically different between treatments (P>0.05), which ranged from 78% to 92% and 5.0 to 5.9, respectively. Cost analysis showed high net returns for 1 and 3 fish•m-2 SD but low in 0.5 fish•m-2 SD. The feeding experiment study showed that feed types significantly affected weight gain, SGR, and SR (P<0.05). Snappers fed with trash fish attained significantly higher mean absolute growth (298.2 g) and SGR (1.81%/day) than those fed moist feeds (232.8 g and 1.61%/day, respectively) and formulated feeds (236.1 g and 1.51%/day, respectively). The survival rate was significantly higher in snappers fed trash fish (93.33%) and dry pellets (94.00%) than fed moist feeds (81.34%). FCR in trash fish, moist and dry pellet treatment was 6.4, 6.3, and 2.7, respectively. Cost analysis showed high net returns for trash fish and formulated pellet fed snappers but low in moist diet feed treatment. Cost-benefit analysis showed the feasibility of mangrove red snapper for freshwater aquaculture at a recommended stocking density of 1 to 3 fish•m-2 using trash fish, moist diet, or formulated dry pellet.

The aim of this experiment was to find out the data and information of effect on feeding of combination of trash fish and pellet to the growth and survival rate of swimming crabs ( Portunus pelagicus ). The research was conducted in the research station of Research Institute for Coastal Aquaculture, Maros, South Sulawesi for 40 days. Nine aquaria were used in this research and the dimention were 60 x 40 x 40 cm. Experimental disign used the Complete Randomized Design, The treatments were applied of trash fish and artificial feed (pellet) i.e. A; 100% trash fish ( Clupea sp), B; 100% artificial feed (pellet), and C; 50% trash fish + 50% pellet, with three replicates, respectively, Crablet were applied average size of 5,2 + 0,2 mm in charapace width and 0,04 + 0,02 g in body weigth. Feeding were conducted of three times a day, with dosage 15 % of total body weight a day. During the experiment, the determined parameters were body weight, charapace width, and survival rate. The result showed that artificial feed/pellet of 42% protein contain could be used as feed in swimming crabs rearing and not significant different on the growth of charapace width, body weight and survival rate (P>0.05) with the other treatment.

Corn-starch based formulated diet has growth and feed utilization efficiency advantages over trash fish diet for juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus

Persistent halogenated hydrocarbons (PHHs), including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), in fish feeds (including trash fish and compound feed) manufactured in South China, were analyzed. PHHs were ubiquitous in fish feeds, with the concentrations of OCPs, PBDEs, and PCBs at the upper, mid, and lower levels of the global range. Trash fish generally contained higher concentrations of DDXs (sum of o,p'- and p,p'-DDT, -DDD, and -DDE and p,p'-DDMU), especially p,p'-DDT and low-brominated PBDEs, while compound feeds had higher concentrations of highly brominated BDEs, e.g., BDE-209. In addition, no concentration difference of HCHs and PCBs was found between trash fish and compound feeds. The habit of direct use of trash fish as fish feeds has induced the accumulation of DDXs in aquatic species in China, and trash fish collected in South China seemed to be slightly hazardous to wildlife because of the concentrations of DDXs. The results from the present study suggest that the use pattern of fish feeds in China may have to be adjusted to minimize contamination of fishery products and wildlife by PHHs. Use of compound feeds produced with controlled procedures should be encouraged, whereas that of trash fish should be restricted, at least for now.

African catfish is the leading commodity in Indonesia, which has a speed of growth andis resistant to adverse environmental conditions. Trash fish is a small-sized fish such as fish,stingrays, rebon, turmeric fish and the like, Trash fish is also a fish that has a very loweconomic value. Trash fish has a protein content of 28.28%. Fish skin is the result of samplingfrom slaughtering animals in the form of body organs during the process of difficulty. Waste offish skins in the place of fish milling usually consists of several types of fish including grouper,payus, cob, catfish, catfish, white fish and brass fish. Fish skin waste has 26.9% protein. Thepurpose of this study was to determine the effect of trash fish feeding and fish skin wastefeeding on the growth and protein retention of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Knowingthe effect of feeding combined trash fish and fish skin waste on FCR of African catfish (Clariasgariepinus). This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatmentsand 3 replications with the following measurements: (A - trash fish feed 5.3%), (B - fish skinwaste 5.77%), (C - (fish trash (50%) + fish skin waste (50%) with 5.55% administration, (K -Pellet 100% Control 5%). Main parameters include Absolute weight growth (grams), Specificgrowth rate (%), Length Absolute (cm), protein retention, survival and feed conversion ratio(FCR), while supporting parameters include temperature, pH, DO, ammonia, salinity.Researchresults were analyzed using SPSS version 17. Each data in the form of growth, survival andfeed conversion ratio (FCR) was analyzed using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) with aconfidence level of 95%, if significance (P <0.05) continued with the Tukey test (HSD) to seedifferences between treatments Water quality data and protein retention (% ) analyzeddescriptively based on literature The results of research with pe feed of trash fish and fish skinas well as combination of trash fish (50%) + fish skin waste (50%), for the best absolute weightis the treatment K (Control) with a value of 21.03 g. The best daily growth rate is in thetreatment K (Control) with a value of 1.96% / day. The absolute length rate is in the K (Control)treatment with a value of 3.20cm. The best retention value is the treatment K (Control) with avalue of 36.32%. The lowest feed conversion ratio / FCR is control K at 1.78 g, while for thebest survival (%) is treatment B (fish skin waste) with 90% survival.

The mangrove red Snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) is a high-value marine fish and ideal culture species. The study was conducted to evaluate the growth and survival rate of mangrove red snapper fed with different diet types. The study was laid out in a randomized setup using three (3) treatments: Treatment 1- Trash fish, Treatment 2- Golden apple snail, and Treatment 3- Fiddler Crab using One- way ANOVA as a statistical tool. Based on the result of the study, mangrove red snappers fed with Trash fish gained the highest growth rate in terms of length, width, and weight of 8.89 cm, 2.19 cm, and 63.46 g. However, samples fed with fiddler crab (T3) obtained the lowest growth rate in terms of length, width, and weight of 3.72 cm, 1.06 cm, and 43.86 g. This study demonstrates that the samples got a 100% survival rate regardless of the treatment used. Furthermore, the result showed a significant difference in the growth rate of Mangrove Red Snapper in terms of length F=2100.544, width F=175.280, and weight F=319.770 with P<0.0001. Therefore, it was concluded that the use of trash fish (halfbeak and scalloped perchlet) is effective as a feed for the growth and survival of the Mangrove Red Snapper

Mangrove crab is one of the leading export commodities in the fisheries sector which has a fairly high selling price at the farmer level. This commodity has great potential to be cultivated in the Asia-Pacific region. However, mangrove crab production in Indonesia is currently still dominated by wild catches because its cultivation activities have not developed optimally. to determine the effect of feeding trash fish and brown mussels on the growth and survival of Mangrove Crabs (S. paramamosain). This study was conducted for 90 days from December 2024 to March 2025. The research location was in the ponds of Candi Manik Village, Sekotong District, West Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. The research method used 2 treatments, namely trash fish and brown mussels, each of which was repeated 20 times so that 40 experimental units were obtained according to the number of crabs, the treatments tested were trash fish (R) and brown mussels (K). The research data were analyzed using statistical analysis at a real level of 5%. the analysis used to test the results of the experiment was the t-test. The data tested t is the Specific Growth Rate (SGR) value, absolute weight growth, relative weight growth, and crab molting frequency using the mhen withny test while the survival rate (SR) data is analyzed descriptively. The results of the study showed that the absolute, relative, specific weight growth of crabs, molting frequency and survival given feed using brown mussels were higher than those given feed using trash fish. Feeding brown mussels resulted in better absolute, relative, specific growth, molting frequency and survival compared to feeding trash fish on the growth of mangrove crabs. Water quality measurements were within the normal range for the life of mangrove crabs. Keywords: Trash Fish, Mangrove Crabs, Brown Mussels, Molting, Growth

The aim of this experiment was to find out the suitable dosage of tryptophan mixed in diet of trash fish were fed and to decrease canibalism levels of swimming crabs ( Portunus pelagicus ) reared in fiber glass tanks. The research was conducted in research station of Research Institute for Brackishwater Aquaculture Maranak, Maros South Sulawesi on 8 th May to 8 th June 2006. Twelve fiber glass tanks were used of this research and the dimention of 1 x 1 x 0.5 m. Crablet of 17 th from hatchery were used to this research and the dimention of 7.2 + 0.2 mm width and 0.05 + 0.02 g body weight. Hundred crablets were spreaded on the each tanks. The treatments were applied of dosage of tryptophan were mixed in the trash fish (Sardinella sp) as much as (A): 0% of biomass total, (B): 0.5%, (C): 1.0% and (D): 1.5% of biomass total with three replicates respectively. Variables monitored growth of charapace width and body weigth, canibalism levels, survival rate of swimming crab and water quality. Experimental design used complate randomized design. During of rearing were fed trash fish ( Sardinella sp) with frequency of three times a days of dosage 15% of total body weight. The result showed that the crablet fed the diet with additional 1.5% tryptophan had significantly lower (P<0.05) cannibalisms compared to the crablet feed the control diet. The crablet fed the diet with additional 1.5% tryptophan had significantly higher (P<0.05) survival rate compared to the crablet fed the control diet. However, there were not significantly different specific growth rate among the treaments. Based on this result that additional 1.5% tryptophan could be decrease cannibalisms of swimming crabs crablet during experiment.

Bronze featherback is one of Indonesia’s endemic fish that has high economic value and has begun to decline in population in nature. There should be attempts at bronze featherback farming to maintain its existence in nature. The purpose of this study was to analyze the production performance, feed retention, and glycogen accumulation of bronze featherback cultivated with stocking density and different types of feed. This study was conducted from May to August 2020 in Sungai Paku Village, Kampar Kiri sub-district, Kampar district. The experiment design used is a randomized complete design with two factors. Stocking density factor treatment consists of 5, 10, and 15 fish/m3 and type of feed factor consisting of trash fish and freshwater seashell meat feed. Bronze featherback was cultivated for 90 days. The fish was cultivated with 5% feed/day. Best result was in the stocking density of 5 fish/m3 and trash fish feed showed Absolute growth rate 50,05 g, Absolute length growth rate 11,48 cm, specific growth rate 2,83%, survival rate 86,7%, protein retention 68,68%, fat retention 34,11%, muscle glycogen 28,86 mg/g and liver glycogen 0,58 mg/g.

Waste of fish catching and waste of fish fillet processing will cause environmental pollution, but these materials can still be used as raw material for fish feed. The objective of this research was to change fish wastes to be made as fish powder as raw material of fish feed. This research employed a completely randomized design with three treatments; Treatment A is artificial feed that uses raw material from trash fish, Treatment B is artificial feed that uses raw material from fish fillet waste and as control is factory-made feed. The silver pompano fish stocking was done with stocking density of 20 fishes m-3. The fishes were cultured for 60 days and they were adapted with formulated feed during 7 days before testing. Fish powder material in Treatment A coming from trash fish waste had good enough protein content by 43.84%, while fish powder material in Treatment B coming from fish fillet waste had lower protein content by 36.3%. The results showed that the control produced better growth activity indicators compared to Treatment A and B. The results of economic analysis showed that Treatment A and B were cheaper to produce compared to control. Fisheries waste both fish catch and fish fillet waste can be used as raw material for making silver pompano fish feed. Utilization of the two wastes has two functions namely saving on aquaculture costs and reducing fisheries waste.

The aim of this experiment was to find out the suitable dosage of tryptophan mixed in diet of trash fish were fed and to decrease canibalism levels of tiger prawn ( Penaeus monodon ) reared in the aquarium. The research was conducted in research station of Research Institute for Brackishwater Aquaculture Maranak, Maros South Sulawesi for 28 days.Twelve aquaria were used of this research and the dimention of 60 x 40 x 40 cm. Tiger prawn seed of post larva of 35 th from hatchery were used to this research and the dimention of 1,4 ± 0.1 cm body length and 0,01 ± 0.01 g body weight. Twentyfive pieces of tiger prawn seed were spreaded on the each aquaria. The treatments were applied of dosage of tryptophan were mixed in the trash fish ( Sardinella sp) as much as (A): 0 % of biomass total, (B): 0,5 %, (C): 1,0 % and (D): 1,5 % of biomass total with three replicates respectively. Variables monitored growth of body weigth, canibalism levels, survival rate of twentyfive tiger prawn seed and water quality. Experimental design used complate randomized design. During of rearing were fed trash fish with frequency of twice a days of dosage 15 % of total body weight. The result showed that the tiger prawn seed fed the diet with additional 0,5 - 1,5 % tryptophan had significantly lower (P<0.05) cannibalisms compared to the tiger prawn seed feed the control diet. The tiger prawn seed fed the diet with additional 1,5 % tryptophan had significantly higher (P<0.05) survival rate compared to the crablet fed the control diet. However, there were not significantly different specific growth rate among the treaments. Based on this result that additional 0,5 - 1,5 % tryptophan could be decrease cannibalisms of tiger prawn seed during experiment.

The blue swimming crab (BSC) is a commercially important species with high consumer demand, but escalating exploitation has negatively impacted its natural populations. Establishing effective cultivation methods for BSC offered a promising long-term solution to this issue. This study aimed to enhance stocking density in grow-out ponds by analyzing the effects on bioeconomic performance of BSC farming. The research involved rearing juvenile BSC in 1,600 m² earthen ponds at three stocking densities: low (1 crab/m²), medium (3 crabs/m²), and high (5 crabs/m²). Each group had three replicates (n = 3). BSC were fed an artificial shrimp feed (38% protein) at 5% of body weight per day, with feedings occurring twice daily. Over a 90-day period, survival rate (SR), weight gain (WG), average daily growth (ADG), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were assessed, alongside economic metrics such as total revenue (TR), break-even point (BEP), and payback period (PBP). Results indicated that stocking density significantly (p&lt;0.05, one-way ANOVA) influenced the SR, WG, ADG, SGR, and revenue in BSC cultivation. As density increased, SR declined, and higher densities resulted in lower growth rates, reduced TR, and elevated FCR. In terms of culture efficiency, the densities of 1 and 3 crabs/m² proved to be more suitable for BSC culture compared to 5 crabs/m². However, economically, it was determined that rearing BSC at these three densities was not a worthwhile investment, with the density of 5 crabs/m² having the highest BEP (1.08 kg/m²) and PBP (7.5 years), while 1 crab/m² had the lowest BEP (0.38 kg/m²) and PBP (3.9 years). Therefore, appropriate BSC rearing guidelines should consider a density of no more than 3 crabs/m2 for future production.

This study compared the growth, flesh quality and metabolomics of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fed trash fish and formula feeds. Trash fish (TF), self-made feed (SF) and commercial feed (CF) were prepared with crude protein levels of 172.2 g/kg, 503.5 g/kg and 504.1 g/kg (666.2 g/kg, 547.3 g/kg and 535.1 g/kg based on dry matter), respectively. Then, the three diets were fed to largemouth bass with an initial body weight of 75.0 ± 0.1 g for 12 weeks. SF and CF groups presented significantly lower feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and higher protein efficiency ratio (PER) than TF group based on dry matter basis without affecting the weight gain (P < 0.05). The yellowness (b*) in dorsal muscle, flesh heat-insoluble collagen and free flavor amino acids contents in SF group were significantly higher (P < 0.05), while drip loss were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of TF group. Compared to TF group, SF and CF groups showed significantly higher flesh polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), n-3 PUFAs and n-6 PUFAs contents, flesh hardness, shear force and muscle fiber density (P < 0.05), and lower flesh total free amino acids, essential amino acids, muscle fiber diameter, intestine villus height and muscular thickness (P < 0.05). The serum total protein, triglyceride and cholesterol levels in SF group were significantly lower than those in TF and CF groups (P < 0.05). In the muscle metabolomics, 177 differential metabolites were detected between SF and TF groups, which mainly enriched in pathways as biosynthesis of amino acid, histidine metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, etc. Conclusively, feeding largemouth bass with formula feeds improved flesh fatty acid profile and flesh texture without negative effects on the growth, but the flesh free amino acids contents were lower than the fish fed trash fish.

This study revealed the affecting mechanism of trash fish (TF) and compound feed (CF) on the flesh quality of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) based on muscle transcriptome. Largemouth bass weighing 75.0 ± 0.1 g were given TF or CF for a period of 12 weeks. The CF group presented significantly higher feed efficiency (FE) than the TF group (p &lt; 0.05), while there was no significant difference in specific growth rate (SGR) between the two groups (p &gt; 0.05). A total of 604 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) meeting the significance criteria of p‐value &lt; 0.05 and |log2foldchange| &gt; 1 were identified in the muscle transcriptome analysis. Compared to the TF group, 145 DEGs were downregulated, and 459 DEGs were upregulated in the CF group. Enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways revealed significant enrichment of 401 GO terms and 13 pathways, respectively. In the CF group, there was a notable increase in gene expression in pathways such as arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, cholesterol metabolism, MAPK, and focal adhesion, while there was a decrease in pathways like purine metabolism, apoptosis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and PPAR signaling. Real‐time fluorescence quantitative PCR results indicated decreased expression of tni (troponin I, fast skeletal muscle‐like) and increased expression of stni (troponin I, slow skeletal muscle‐like), ftni (troponin I, fast skeletal muscle), mustn1b (musculoskeletal, embryonic nuclear protein 1b), actn2b (alpha‐actinin−2), and hspb1 (heat shock protein [HSP] beta 1) in the CF group compared to the TF group. Overall, according to transcriptomics, replacing TF with CF altered the gene expression related to meat and the associated signaling pathways, leading to the meat quality improvement for largemouth bass.