Abstract
Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) is a well-known remote sensing tool that enables precise 3D acquisition of surface morphology from distances of a few meters to a few kilometres. The morphological representations obtained are important in engineering geology and rock mechanics, where surface morphology details are of particular interest in rock stability problems and engineering construction. The actual size of the discernible surface detail depends on the instrument range error (noise effect) and effective data resolution (smoothing effect). Range error can be (partly) removed by applying a denoising method. Based on the positive results from previous studies, two denoising methods, namely 2D wavelet transform (WT) and non-local mean (NLM), are tested here, with the goal of obtaining roughness estimations that are suitable in the context of rock engineering practice. Both methods are applied in two variants: conventional Discrete WT (DWT) and Stationary WT (SWT), classic NLM (NLM) and probabilistic NLM (PNLM). The noise effect and denoising performance are studied in relation to the TLS effective data resolution. Analyses are performed on the reference data acquired by a highly precise Advanced TOpometric Sensor (ATOS) on a 20x30 cm rock joint sample. Roughness ratio is computed by comparing the noisy and denoised surfaces to the original ATOS surface. The roughness ratio indicates the success of all denoising methods. Besides, it shows that SWT oversmoothes the surface and the performance of the DWT, NLM and PNLM vary with the noise level and data resolution. The noise effect becomes less prominent when data resolution decreases.
Highlights
Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) for remotely acquiring precise and detailed surface morphology is of broad interest in engineering geology and rock mechanics
In order to properly introduce the morphology of rock joints into stability analyses, it is crucial to represent the roughness at engineering scale of interest, which depends on the areal extent, and in direction of expected movement
The small-scale roughness estimation is limited by the TLS range error, which results in overestimated roughness, and the effective data resolution, which limits the smallest observable roughness scale
Summary
Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) for remotely acquiring precise and detailed surface morphology is of broad interest in engineering geology and rock mechanics. This research focuses on measuring the detailed surface morphology of rock joints (discontinuities), general referred to as “roughness”. In order to properly introduce the morphology of rock joints into stability analyses, it is crucial to represent the roughness at engineering scale of interest, which depends on the areal extent, and in direction of expected movement. TLS offers an attractive alternative, since in a short time relatively precise and detailed 3D data of an in-situ large-scale discontinuity can be obtained. Sturzenegger and Stead (2009) showed that TLS technology and careful fieldwork allow the extraction of large-scale roughness profiles. The small-scale roughness estimation is limited by the TLS range error, which results in overestimated roughness (noise effect), and the effective data resolution, which limits the smallest observable roughness scale (smoothing effect)
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