Abstract
ABSTRACT: The electrochemical performance of positive pole grids of lead-acid batteries made of Pb-0.08%Ca-1.1%Sn alloys without and with 0.1 wt% of each of Cu, As or Sb and with 0.1 wt% of Cu, As andSb combined was investigated by electrochemical methods in 4.0 M H 2 SO 4 . The corrodibility ofalloys under open-circuit conditions and constant current charging of the positive pole, the positivepole gassing and the self-discharge of the charged positive pole were studied. All impurities (Cu,As, Sb) were found to decrease the corrosion resistance, R corr after 1/2 hour corrosion, but after 24hours an improvement in R corr was recorded for Sb containing alloy and the alloy with the threeimpurities combined. While an individual impurity was found to enhance oxygen evolution reac-tion, the impurities combined significantly inhibition this reaction and the related water loss prob-lem was improved. Impedance results were found helpful in identification of the species involvedin the charging/discharging and the self-discharge of the positive pole. Impurities individually orcombined were found to increase the self-discharge during polarization (33-68%), where Sb con-taining alloy was the worst and impurities combined alloy was the least. The corrosion of the pos-itive pole grid in the constant current charging was found to increase in the presence of impuritiesby 5-10%. Under open-circuit, the self-discharge of the charged positive grids was found to increasesignificantly (92-212%) in the presence of impurities, with Sb-containing alloy was the worst. Theimportant result of the study is that the harmful effect of the studied impurities combined was notadditive but sometimes lesser than any individual impurity. Keywords: Positive pole; Pb-Ca-Sn alloys; Lead-acid batteries; recycled Lead
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