Evaluation of the pachychoroid spectrum in patients with mild autonomous cortisol secretion.

BackgroundThis study qualitatively and quantitatively compared imaging characteristics between neovascular and atrophic pachychoroid spectrum disease (PSD) by optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT angiography (OCTA).MethodsThe subtypes of PSD were identified by multi-modality imaging approaches. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), choroidal vascular index (CVI), and vascular density of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) were measured.ResultsThe CVI and SFCT of 174 PSD eyes were 67.6% ± 5.48% and 362.2 ± 131.88 μm, respectively. After adjustment for age, linear regression indicated that SFCT was positively associated with CVI (p < 0.001), and patched hyper-reflective lesions in choriocapillaris layers (p = 0.009). Compared with neovascular PSD eyes, atrophic PSD eyes had similar patient age (57.1 ± 16.72 years, p = 0.639), SFCT (332.0 ± 111.00 μm, p = 0.51), and CVI (67.6% ± 3.94%, p = 0.527). There were no differences between polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) eyes with aneurysmal polypoidal lesions and PCV eyes with tangled polypoidal lesions in terms of age, CVI, SFCT, vascular density, or the occurrence of double layer signs (DLSs, all p > 0.05). Logistic regression indicated that age (p = 0.003), SFCT (p = 0.003), patched hyper-reflective lesions in choriocapillaris layers (p = 0.009), and DLSs (p < 0.001) were predictive factors for CNV progression in PSD eyes (all p < 0.05).ConclusionsOur study highlighted the similarities in SFCT and CVI between neovascular and atrophic PSD, both of which were late stage lesions. Besides, age, SFCT, patched hyper-reflective lesions in choriocapillaris layers, and DLSs were risk factors for CNV in PSD. Our results showed that atrophic PSD is an important change in the late stage of PSD disease, which is helpful for in-depth understanding of the pathological mechanism of PSD and corresponding intervention.

To investigate the correlation between choroidal biomarkers using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) scoring for monitoring the activity of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH). Patients who were not in the acute phase of VKH were recruited. Simultaneous EDI-OCT and ICGA were captured in seven patients only at baseline, in six patients at the 3-month follow-up, and in two patients at both the 6- and 9-month follow-ups. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), subfoveal choroidal area (SFCA), and choroidal vascular index (CVI) were measured on EDI-OCT using FIJI software and a denoising system. ICGA scoring was performed. Fifteen subjects with the median of 4-month follow-up were recruited. Forty-eight pairs of EDI-OCT and ICGA were investigated. In univariate analysis, ICGA scores were positively associated with SFCT, and SFCA, but negatively with CVI. The strength of correlation between ICGA scores and SFCT was strong (correlation coefficient: 0.91). In multivariate analysis, only SFCT remained significant (B: 2.4, 95% confidence interval: 1.9-3.0; P < 0.001). SFCT can be an acceptable representative of the subclinical inflammatory activity of VKH. As an alternative to ICGA, SFCT functions better than SFCA and CVI.

The vascularity of the choroid has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various eye diseases. To date, no established quantifiable parameters to estimate vascular status of the choroid exists. Choroidal vascularity index (CVI) may potentially be used to assess vascular status of the choroid. We aimed to establish normative database for CVI and identify factors associated with CVI in healthy eyes. In this population-based study on 345 healthy eyes, choroidal enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography scans were segmented by modified image binarization technique. Total subfoveal choroidal area (TCA) was segmented into luminal (LA) and stromal (SA) area. CVI was calculated as the proportion of LA to TCA. Linear regression was used to identify ocular and systemic factors associated with CVI and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT). Subfoveal CVI ranged from 60.07 to 71.27% with a mean value of 65.61 ± 2.33%. CVI was less variable than SFCT (coefficient of variation for CVI was 3.55 vs 40.30 for SFCT). Higher CVI was associated with thicker SFCT, but not associated with most physiological variables. CVI was elucidated as a significant determinant of SFCT. While SFCT was affected by many factors, CVI remained unaffected suggesting CVI to be a more robust marker of choroidal diseases.

Purpose To evaluate the effects of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on choroidal vascularity index (CVI) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT). Methods The study included 56 eyes of 56 rheumatoid arthritis patients and 65 eyes of 65 age- and sex-matched healthy normal participants. CVIs of all participants were measured by transferring enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) images to the image J program that is software used for image binarization and compared between the 2 groups. SFCT, central macular thickness (CMT) and optic disc parameters of all participants were measured with spectral domain OCT and compared. Results The mean CVI values of the RA and control groups were 65.9 ± 1.52 and 68.56 ± 1.62, respectively, and were significantly lower in the RA group (p = 0.001). Mean SFCT values of the RA and control groups were 290.11 ± 15.18 and 332.88 ± 11.04, respectively, and SFCT was significantly lower in the RA group (p = 0.001). RA patients have thin SFCT and low CVI. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of CMT and optic disc parameters. Conclusion RA patients have lower CVI and thinner SFCT than healthy participants.

Purpose: To identify correlations of subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) with age and best corrected visual acuity in eyes with pachychoroid spectrum diseases (PSD) and their association to systemic hypertension using a retrospective study design.Methods: Our study included 82 eyes of 45 patients with PSD: 15 eyes had uncomplicated pachychoroid (UCP), 27 had pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy (PPE), 32 had central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and 8 had pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV). All patients underwent DRI TRITON Swept‐Source Optical Coherence Tomography (SS‐OCT). A 1500 mm width subfoveal choroidal area was defined in SS‐OCT B‐scans and divided into luminal area (LA) and stromal area (SA) by the imageJ binarization technique. CVI was defined as the ratio of LA to the total subfoveal choroidal area (TCA).Results: The mean SFCT was 393, 23 ± 95, 65 μm and it was correlated negatively with age (p = 0.003, R = −0.326). We found a negative correlation of TCA and LA with age (p = 0.043, r = −0.227, p = 0.04, r = −0.230). Mean choroidal vascularity index was 64.45 ± 2, 74% with no correlation with age (p = 0.169, R = −0.155). No parameter among SFCT, CVI, TCA, LA and SA had a significant correlation with BCVA or spherical equivalent. Patients with essential hypertension were found to have significantly thinner SFCT when compared with healthy controls (374, 49 ± 83 141 μm vs. 423, 98 ± 130 466 μm, p = 0.046). CVI was not affected by a history of systemic hypertension (64.05 ± 1.97 vs. 64.83 ± 3.3, p = 0.207). The total choroidal area, luminal area, and stromal area, as well as the CVI correlated with SFCT (p &lt; 0.001, r = 0.817, p &lt; 0.001, r = 0.821, p &lt; 0.001, r = 0.750 and p &lt; 0.001, r = 0.371 respectively).Conclusions: SFCT and CVI are dynamic parameters that are affected in patients with pachychoroid diseases. Unlike CVI, SFCT is also affected by age, ocular and systemic factors like hypertension. CVI may be a more specific biomarker for PSD.

Background:Systemic vasculitis due to rheumatoid arthritis can also affect the choroidal tissue, which has a rich vascular network. Retinal vasculitis and choroiditis can be seen in rheumatoid arthritis.Objectives:To evaluate the...

This study aimed to investigate the effect of orbital wall decompression surgery and reduction of proptosis on the choroidal vascularity index (CVI) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in patients with thyroid eye disease (TED). Fifty-one eyes from 38 patients with controlled TED and proptosis were enrolled in this study. The majority of the patients (50.9%) had a clinical activity score (CAS) of zero, and none had a CAS greater than 2. The patients underwent a complete baseline ophthalmologic examination, and their choroidal profile alterations were monitored using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) before and during the three months after surgery. Changes in SFCT, luminance area (LA), total choroidal area (TCA), and the choroidal vascularity index (CVI) were measured as the ratio of LA to TCA in EDI-OCT images. The participants had an average age of 46.47 years, and 22 were female (57.9%). The SFCT of the patients exhibited a significant reduction over the follow-up period, decreasing from 388 ± 103 to 355 ± 95 µm in the first month (p < 0.001) and further decreasing to 342 ± 109 µm by the third month compared to baseline (p < 0.001). The CVI exhibited a drop from 0.685 ± 0.037 at baseline to 0.682 ± 0.035 and 0.675 ± 0.030 at 1 and 3 months post-surgery, respectively. However, these changes were not statistically significant, indicating comparable decreases in both LA and TCA. There was a significant correlation between improved proptosis and reduction in SFCT (p < 0.001) but not with CVI (p = 0.171). In conclusion, during the three months of follow-up following orbital wall decompression, CVI did not change, while SFCT reduced significantly. Additionally, SFCT was significantly correlated with proptosis reduction, whereas CVI was not.

Purpose: To quantify the structural changes in choroidal vessels and to observe choroid microstructural changes in different age and sex groups in a healthy Chinese population. Methods: Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) was employed to analyze the luminal area, stromal area, total choroidal area, subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), choroidal vascularity index (CVI), large choroidal vessel layer (LCVL), choriocapillaris–medium choroidal vessel layer, and LCVL/SFCT of the choroid in the subfoveal macular area within 1500 μm of the macula. We analyzed the age- and sex-related changes in the subfoveal choroidal structure. Results: A total of 1566 eyes from 1566 healthy individuals were included. The mean age of the participants was 43.62 ± 23.29 years, the mean SFCT of healthy individuals was 269.30 ± 66.43 μm, LCVL/SFCT percentage was 77.21 ± 5.84%, and the mean macular CVI was 68.39 ± 3.15%. CVI was maximum in the 0–10 years group, decreasing with age, and the lowest values occurred in the >80 years group; LCVL/SFCT was the lowest in the 0–10 years group, increasing with age and reaching a maximum in the >80 years group. CVI showed a significant negative correlation with age, and LCVL/SFCT showed a significant positive correlation with age. There was no statistically significant difference between males and females. Interrater and intrarater reliability was less variable with CVI than with SFCT. Conclusions: The choroidal vascular area and CVI decreased with age in the healthy Chinese population, of which the age-related decrease in vascular components maybe dominated by the decrease in choriocapillaris and medium choroidal vessels. Sex had no effect on CVI. The CVI of healthy populations showed better consistency and reproducibility when compared with SFCT.

Choroidal osteoma (CO), also known as osseous choristoma, is a rare benign osseous tumour of the choroid. It is diagnosed based on the presence of a yellowish-white to orange lesion deep in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with well-defined margins and bone density in ultrasonography (Pellegrini et al. 2014). Patients are usually asymptomatic and the lesion is found incidentally. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is the most frequent complication of CO and leads to severe visual impairment. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (Anti-VEGF) therapy has been recommended for CNV-related CO (Song & Roh 2009). Here, we report a case of extrafoveal CO associated with CNV. A 75-year-old woman, incidentally diagnosed with CO at the age of 68 years, presented with a two-month history of metamorphopsia in the left eye. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0 logMar in the right eye and 0.7 logMar in the left eye. Anterior segment findings were unremarkable in both eyes. A fundus examination of the right eye was unremarkable, whereas, in the left eye, it revealed a yellowish-white area with small haemorrhages in the superior temporal retina that suggested an extrafoveal CO associated with CNV (Fig. 1A,B). Baseline evaluation of the right eye. (A, B) Colour fundus photography and multicolour image showing the choroidal osteoma with subretinal haemorrhage. The black circle underlines macular haemorrhage spots. (C−E) Optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography, fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography revealed late-stage choroidal neovascularization within the tumour. The red circle underlines macular haemorrhage spots (F, G) A and B scan echography showed a slightly elevated choroidal mass with high reflectivity and acoustic shadowing. (H) Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) showed a hyper-reflective mass in the subretinal space associated with a neurosensory detachment and detected a sponge-like structure of the choroid. (I, J) Fluorescein and indocyanine angiography of the superotemporal region of the contralateral normal eye. (K) Optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan of the macular region without any pathological feature. (L−P) Colour fundus photography, multicolour image, fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography and OCT angiography showing regression of the choroidal neovascularization after four months of treatment. (Q) Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) revealed resolution of the subretinal fluid. [Correction added on 17 June 2016 after first online publication: Figure 1 has been replaced to correct the labelling of Fig. 1E and 1O]. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography (angiovue software RTVue; Optovue Inc., Fremont, CA, USA) showed a hyporeflective area surrounded by a hyper-reflective-edged ring in direct relation to the osteoma. It also showed a dense irregular vascular network within the tumour in the outer retinal layer and choroid capillary layers. Moreover, the CNV detected in the choroidal layer had fine glomerular-like hyper-reflection (Fig. 1C). Visualization of vessels is better with non-invasive OCT angiography than with fluorescein angiography (FA) and Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA); in fact, with the latter two techniques, the leaking vessels of the CNV usually are overshadowed by the dye in the late phases (Wang et al. 2015). Fluorescein angiography (FA) showed early hyperfluorescence due to leakage surrounded by an area of blocked fluorescence, and late staining of the lesion showed well-defined borders (Fig. 1D). Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) confirmed the presence of an active CNV secondary to CO (Fig. 1E). Standardized A and B scan echography revealed a slightly elevated choroidal mass with high reflectivity and acoustic shadowing (Fig. 1F,G). Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) performed with the Heidelberg Spectralis HRA + OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) showed a hyper-reflective mass in the subretinal space associated with neurosensory detachment and elongation of the outer segments. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) also revealed a sponge-like structure of the choroid with horizontal tubules (Fig. 1H). The findings obtained in our patient strongly support the diagnosis of OC as opposed to sclerochroidal calcification (SCC). In fact, unlike OC, SCC does not feature growth, decalcification or intralesional vessels of CNV, as recently reported by Shields et al. (2015). After obtaining informed consent, we administered three monthly intravitreal injections of ranibizumab in the left eye. Four months later, the patient's BCVA was 0.1 logMar, and a fundus examination revealed resolution of the subretinal haemorrhage (Fig. 1L,M). Fluorescein angiography (FA) and ICGA showed regression of the CNV (Fig. 1N,O) and spectral domain OCT revealed no subretinal fluid (Fig. 1Q). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography demonstrated a smaller and more rarified vascular network inside a capsular formation (Fig. 1P). These findings remained unchanged during the 12-month follow-up. In summary, OCT angiography reveals unique features in the vascular changes of CNV in CO not visualized with other imaging methods. However, additional studies are needed to verify whether this technique can partially replace FA and ICGA in the diagnosis and follow-up of CNV secondary to CO.

To evaluate the choroidopathy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) using enhanced depth imaging spectral domain optical coherence tomography (EDI SD-OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). A total of 74 patients with SLE and 40 healthy volunteers were included in this cross-sectional study. SLE patients were further divided into three subgroups based on clinical and blood biochemistry findings. Ocular parameters obtained on ophthalmologic examination and optical imaging (EDI SD-OCT and OCTA) included the best corrected distance visual acuity (logMAR CDVA), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SCT), choroidal vascularity index (CVI) and vessel density (VD) of superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP). SLE patients had significantly lower values for CVI and VD of DCP (DVD) than control subjects. Amongst SLE patients, gender and chloroquine dose were found to be independent determinants of CVI while age predicted SCT. Steroid dose was a significant predictor for foveal VD of SCP (SVD), chloroquine dose for parafoveal SVD, gender for total DVD, and gender and steroid dose for perifoveal DVD. No correlation of logMAR CDVA and SCT was noted between SLE patients and control subjects. No correlation of SCT was noted with disease duration, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) dose or steroid dose. No correlation of CVI was noted with patient age, disease duration, SLEDAI score, HCQ dose or steroid dose. No significant difference was noted between SLE subgroups in terms of any of the ocular parameters studied. The findings reveal the presence of ocular findings suggestive of early onset choroidopathy on EDI SD-OCT and OCTA in SLE patients, in the absence of ocular manifestations or active disease.

IntroductionCystoid macular edema (CME) is the most common cause of central vision loss in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO eyes). In recent literature, choroidal vascularity index (CVI) has been proposed to be an enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) metric that may help characterize choroidal vascular changes in the setting of retinal ischemia, and potentially prognose visual outcomes and treatment patterns for patients with BRVO-related CME. This study sought to further characterize choroidal vascular changes in BRVO by comparing the CVI, subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), and central subfield thickness (CST) in BRVO eyes with CME compared to unaffected fellow eyes.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study. Subjects included treatment-naïve BRVO eyes with CME diagnosed within 3 months of onset of symptoms and unaffected fellow eyes. EDI-OCT images were collected at baseline and at the 12-month follow-up visit. CVI, SFCT, and CST were measured. Demographics, treatment patterns, and best-corrected visual acuity (VA) were abstracted. Median CVI, SFCT, CST, and VA were compared between the two cohorts. Longitudinal relationships between these variables were analyzed.ResultsA total of 52 treatment-naïve eyes with BRVO and CME and 48 unaffected fellow eyes were identified. Baseline CVI was lower in eyes with BRVO than in fellow eyes (64.7% vs. 66.4%, P = 0.003). At 12 months, there was no difference in CVI between BRVO eyes and fellow eyes (65.7% vs 65.8%, P = 0.536). In BRVO eyes, there was a strong correlation between reduced CST and improved VA over the 12-month study period (r = 0.671, P < 0.001).ConclusionThere are differences in CVI in treatment-naïve BRVO eyes with CME at presentation compared to fellow eyes, but these differences resolve over time. Anatomic changes in macular thickness in BRVO eyes with CME may be correlated with VA outcomes.

The current study highlights distinct choroidal alterations in primary open angle (POAG) and primary angle closure (PACG) glaucomas, underscoring the potential of the Choroidal Vascularity Index (CVI) as a valuable indicator for understanding glaucoma pathogenesis. To evaluate choroidal structural changes in patients with POAG and PACG and healthy controls utilizing the CVI and subfoveal choroidal thickness by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. This study was cross-sectional. A total of 171 eyes of 171 subjects, comprising 69 eyes with untreated POAG, 58 eyes with untreated PACG, and 44 healthy eyes, were enrolled in this study. Subfoveal choroidal thickness, luminal area (LA), stromal area (SA), and total choroidal area were measured on enhanced depth imaging-optical coherence tomography scans. The CVI parameter is calculated as the proportion of LA to the total choroidal area. This study included 69 patients with POAG with a mean age of 51.4 ± 13.3 years, 58 patients with PACG with a mean age of 57.0 ± 7.3 years, and 44 healthy subjects with a mean age of 51.11 ± 10.7 years. The CVI in the POAG and PACG groups was significantly lower than that in the control group ( P = 0.001 and P = 0.005, respectively); however, not significantly different between the two glaucoma groups ( P = 1.000). POAG eyes had significantly lower LA than PACG and controls ( P = 0.014 and P = 0.049, respectively), whereas PACG eyes had significantly greater SA than controls ( P = 0.041). The CVI of POAG and PACG eyes was significantly lower than that of normal eyes. A reduced LA was observed mainly in eyes with POAG, and an increased SA was observed mainly in eyes with PACG. The role of the choroid may differ between POAG and PACG eyes.

BackgroundTo evaluate choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in eyes with internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis using binarization tool in enhanced depth images scanned by spectral domain optical coherence tomography.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted in 142 patients with ICA stenosis, and 20 normal control subjects matched with the age, sex, etc. According to the diagnostic criteria, the participants are divided into a normal control group (20 cases), a mild stenosis group (64 cases), a moderate stenosis group (61 cases), and a severe stenosis group (17 cases). Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDIOCT) was performed to scan macular fovea, which was separated into a luminal area and a stromal area using image binarization. The choroidal vascularity index (CVI) is luminal area divided by total choroidal area.ResultsThere was no statistical difference in age or sex among groups. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in the severe stenosis group was significantly lower than that in the normal group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the CVI in moderate stenosis group and severe stenosis group were significantly lower compared with the normal control group (P < 0.001). When CVI = 65.16% was set as the cut-off value, all 162 subjects could be divided into two groups, CVI ≤ 65.16 (n = 83) and CVI > 65.16% (n = 79). The proportions of mild stenosis, moderate stenosis, and severe stenosis in CVI ≤ 65 .16 group and CVI > 65.16% group were statistically significant (P < 0.001).ConclusionCVI may be a useful indicator for early diagnosis and monitoring of choroidal vascular changes in ICA stenosis.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) parameters in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and macular neovascularization (MNV) type 1, type 2, and type 3. Methods: In this retrospective study, 105 treatment-naïve eyes of 105 patients (60 men and 45 women) with a definite diagnosis of active nAMD and MNV of different types and 105 frequency-matched age and gender healthy subjects were evaluated (61 men and 44 women). All subjects underwent a full ophthalmic examination and multimodal imaging assessment, including spectral domain (SD) OCT and OCTA. The main outcome measures were choroidal vascularity index (CVI), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), central macular thickness (CMT), and outer retina to choriocapillaris (ORCC) MNV flow area (ORCCFA). Results: Significant differences were found in terms of CVI, CMT, and ORCCFA between MNV 1 and the two other groups. CVI was significantly different between MNV 1 and healthy control patients (p < 0.001) and between MNV 1 and MNV 2 (p < 0.001). ORCCFA and CMT were significantly different between MNV1 and MNV2 (p < 0.005). The difference in subfoveal CT between the three groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.458). A significant negative correlation was found between CVI and ORCCFA. Furthermore, CVI showed a positive correlation with subfoveal CT.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). A total of 80 children (40 with T1DM and 40 healthy controls) were included in this cross-sectional study. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) images of all participants were analyzed. The SFCT, total choroidal area (TCA), luminal area (LA), stromal area (SA), and CVI measurements were obtained from EDI-OCT images and compared between groups. The effects of HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, and axial length measurements on choroidal measurements were investigated. There was no significant difference between the groups according to TCA (0.84 [0.57-1.26] vs. 0.88 [0.65-1.16] mm2, p=0.745), LA (0.55 [0.41-0.79] vs. 0.59 [0.43-0.74] mm2, p=0.745), SA (0.27 [0.15-0.47] vs. 0.28 [0.15-0.47] mm2, p=0.935), and CVI (68.03 [66.5-70.5] vs. 67.75 [66.2-69.5] %, p=0.794), respectively. However, T1DM patients had thinner SFCT compared to control subjects (309.0 [327-489] and 398.5 [219-491], p<0.044). No correlation was found between HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, axial length measurements, and SFCT, TCA, LA, SA, or CVI. Children with newly diagnosed T1DM have thinner SCFT in comparison to healthy children, however, no significant difference in CVI was observed between the groups. Long-term follow-up should be used to confirm the impact of the DM duration on CVI.