Evaluation of the mineral safety index (MSI), nutritional and risk assessment of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genotypes using ICP OES technique

Traditionally, an occupational health risk assessment is conducted by the occupational health (OH) subject-matter-expert (SME) separately from a safety risk assessment which is often conducted by the safety SME. Occupational health risks are often not assessed in-depth in the safety, health, and environment (SHE) risk assessment, which is normally led by safety SME. One of the reasons could be that the methodology is not well defined to align the OH risks with safety risks on a common basis in the risk assessment. This is understandable as OH risk assessments are based on "what-is" exposure assessment whereas the safety risk assessments are based on "what if" scenario of probability of safety incident occurring. A common risk assessment matrix for assessing both OH and safety risks with prioritized SHE risks will enable the line management to manage these risks better. This paper describes how the safety risk matrix's methodology is enhanced by integrating occupational health into the matrix. It also describes the experience and challenges in using the proposed SHE risk assessment matrix.

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) are now routinely connected to other networks to optimise business efficiency. Designs for safety and security risk treatment measures may conflict and cannot be designed in isolation yet we find there are still problems in combining them. If a CEO were to ask his safety engineer and his security engineer of a complex, networked, software-intensive system to produce a combined security and safety risk assessment, there is no industry-recognised method to do so. We believe that Systems Engineering techniques can combine safety and security requirements to help avoid `hazardous system states', by design. However, such systems are too complex to be modelled reliably, which can lead to safety and security design failures; it is impractical to identify all their vulnerabilities and, being networked, such systems evolve, so new vulnerabilities can emerge; finally, current methodologies may not adequately address the intelligent adversary. Therefore, we believe that a `re-imagining' of approaches to safety and security risk assessment is needed to deal with such systems. We aim to expose the issues so that both communities can develop a lingua franca as the foundation for the further work that we identify.

Radiation protection contains the key elements of nuclear safety and security. Despite the overlap between nuclear safety and security, their objectives differ fundamentally, focusing on unintentional accidents and intentional malicious events, respectively. As such, the Potential Facility Risk Index (PFRI), originally created for security purposes, has evolved into an approach that combines conventional probabilistic risk assessment (PRA), which is a widely employed method to evaluate the safety risks of nuclear facilities. This research has developed a risk assessment model within the PFRI framework to calculate the probability of nuclear terrorism. Three essential components of the model are integrated: an analysis of historical nuclear terrorism data to determine an initial threat frequency; the target-specific factor using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) target attractiveness analysis; and the adversary motivation factor based on site-specific social influences from the Profiles of Individual Radicalization in the United States (PIRUS) dataset. Applied to a hypothetical nuclear facility, the model produces a nuclear terrorism probability of 8.97 × 10 -3 y - 1 . The systematic methodology proposed in the study enables the derivation of nuclear terrorism probability with results in the same risk unit as safety risk assessment. This method allows decision makers to seamlessly incorporate nuclear safety and security risk assessments, offering a comprehensive perspective. Consequently, it enriches comprehension of nuclear facility risks and establishes the groundwork for future advancements.

Critical systems have very stringent requirements on both security and safety. Recent mishaps such as the missing MH370 aircraft and the sunk Korean Sewol ferry go to show that our technology in safety and security risk assessment still need a more integrated approach. Nuclear plant meltdown in the recent Fukushima accident is also a typical example of insufficient risk assessments. This work is a case study on how a unified security and safety risk assessment methodology may be applied to a High Pressure Core Flooder (HPCF) system in a nuclear power plant. Individual risk security or safety assessments may overlook the possible higher risk associated with such critical systems. The case study shows how the proposed method provides a more accurate risk assessment compared to individual assessments.

Safety risk assessment is essential in ensuring the smooth construction of undersea tunnels. Obtaining reasonable safety risk assessment results requires multi-source information that enjoys static and dynamic attributes. However, acquiring and utilizing such uncertain information creates difficulties in the decision-making process. Therefore, this paper proposes a safety risk assessment approach based on building information modeling (BIM), intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) theory, and Dempster–Shafer (D-S) evidence theory. Firstly, an undersea tunnel construction collapse risk evaluation index system is established to clarify the information requirements of the pre-construction and construction stages. The semantic information of the BIM geometric model is then enriched through industry foundation classes (IFC) extension to match the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) process, with BIM technology used to assist in information acquisition and risk visualization. Finally, based on the intuitionistic fuzzy D-S evidence theory, multi-information fusion is performed to dynamically determine safety risk levels. Specifically, IFS theory is utilized for basic probability assignments (BPAs) determination before applying D-S evidence theory. The conflicting evidence is dealt with by reliability calculation based on the normalized Hamming distance between pairs of IFSs, while safety risk levels are accomplished with score functions of intuitionistic fuzzy values (IFVs). The proposed method is applied to collapse risk assessment in the karst developed area of a shield tunnel construction project in Dalian, China, and the feasibility and effectiveness are verified. The novelty of the proposed method lies in: (1) information collaboration between the BIM model and the dynamic safety risk assessment process being realized through IFC-based semantic enrichment and Dynamo programming to enhance the decision-making process and (2) the introduction of IFS theory to improve the applicability of D-S evidence theory in expressing fuzziness and hesitation during multi-information fusion. With the proposed method, dynamic safety risk assessment of undersea tunnel construction projects can be performed under uncertainty, fuzziness, and a conflicting environment, while the safety risk perception can be enhanced through visualization.

Numerous subway projects are planned by China's city governments, and more subways can hardly avoid under-crossing rivers. While often being located in complex natural and social environments, subway shield construction under-crossing a river (SSCUR) is more susceptible to safety accidents, causing substantial casualties, and monetary losses. Therefore, there is an urgent need to investigate safety risks during SSCUR. The paper identified the safety risks during SSCUR by using a literature review and experts' evaluation, proposed a new safety risk assessment model by integrating confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and fuzzy evidence reasoning (FER), and then selected a project to validate the feasibility of the proposed model. Research results show that (a) a safety risk list of SSCUR was identified, including 5 first-level safety risks and 38 second-level safety risks; (b) the proposed safety risk assessment model can be used to assess the safety risk of SSCUR; (c) safety inspection, safety organization and duty, quicksand layer, and high-pressure phreatic water were the high-level risks, and the onsite total safety risk was at the medium level; (d) management-type safety risks, environment-type safety risks, and personnel-type safety risks have higher expected utility values, and manager-type safety risks were expected have higher risk-utility values when compared to worker-type safety risks. The research can enrich the theoretical knowledge of SSCUR safety risk assessment and provide references to safety managers for conducting scientific and effective safety management on the construction site when a subway crosses under a river.

Background: Occupational accidents cause three to four times as many deaths in developing countries as industrialized countries. There are about 14,000 accidents in Iran every year, most of them involving workers in industries, To reduce these accidents, it is necessary to use risk assessment, which is a rational approach to hazard assessment and to identify hazards and potential consequences, on individuals, materials, equipment and the environment to reduce the risks of workplace accidents and consequently work-related accidents.
 Methods: This study was carried out in 1998 as an analytical-applied study in a manufacturing company. The Risk Assessment process, first with the formation of the relevant team, is selected from technical and production specialists who are more familiar with the concept of safety and risk assessment and again how to perform the Risk Assessment and Identify the risks involved, using the JSA Integrated Method for the analysis of business components and associated risks and FMEA method was trained and targeted to determine system failure states as well as assign risk priority number (RPN).
 Results: Risk assessment was carried out in 4 aspects, locations, equipment, main and sub-units and activities leading to the preparation of tables related to the risk assessment guide of locations, equipment, activities, RPN calculation, risk level classification and identification forms.
 Conclusions: In this study, 166 hazards were identified and, through follow-up and collaboration with senior management of the organization from 38 risks of fluids production hall, 22 corrective action (57.89%), from 46 risks of solids production hall, 37 corrective action (80.43%), from 33 risks of product warehouse, 28 corrective actions (84.84%), from 30 risks of raw materials warehouse, 21 corrective actions (70%), from 19 risk of incendiary materials, 10 corrective actions (52.63%) were performed. The overall results of the study showed that the major risk in the studied units was related to the dangers of inadequate cabling and placement of people in these work situations.
 key words: Safety and Health Risk Assessment, FMEA, JSA, AHA, JHA, THA, Executive Procedure, Guidelines.

Objective: It aims to build a scientific and reasonable occupational safety and health risk assessment index system for chemical enterprises, and provide theoretical guidance and scientific basis for the systematic identification, quantification and prevention and control of occupational safety and healthrisk in chemical enterprises. Methods: February 2024, based on relevant literature, national and industry standards as the theoretical foundation, Broussonetia papyrifera established an occupational safety and health risk assessment indicator system for chemical enterprises. Twenty-three experts in occupational health and related fields were invited to score the importance of the indicators; Broussonetia papyrifera constructed an AHP model to calculate the individual expert indicator weights and test matrix consistency, applied the systematic clustering method to allocate expert weights, and employed the weighted average method of weight vectors to calculate the expert group indicator weights. Results: The index system includes 5 first-level indicators, 15 second-level indicators and 42 third-level indicators.A total of 22 experts participated in the questionnaire survey, and the degree of expert activity was 96.5% (22/23), and the mean authority coefficient was 0.88, the questionnaire Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.954. The top three are production facilities, equipment and process technology (0.3694), occupational harmful factors (0.2381) and occupational health management (0.1486). Its subordinate secondary index production technology, production facilities and equipment, chemical harmful factors and tertiary indicators of raw materials selection, process technology, equipment quality and safety weight is also higher than other indicators of the same level. Conclusion: Based on the AHP model and systematic cluster analysis, the occupational safety and health risk assessment index system established for Broussonetia papyrifera chemical enterprises is scientifically reasonable and can provide reference for corporate risk assessment.

Safety risk assessment is an essential process to ensure a dependable cyber-physical system (CPS) design. Traditional risk assessment considers only physical failures. For modern CPSs, failures caused by cyber attacks are on the rise. The focus of latest research effort is on safety–security lifecycle integration and the expansion of modeling formalisms for risk assessment to incorporate security failures. The interaction between safety and security lifecycles and its impact on the overall system design, as well as the reliability loss resulting from ignoring security failures, are some of the overlooked research questions. This article addresses these research questions by presenting a new safety design method named cyber layer of protection analysis (CLOPA) that extends the existing layer of protection analysis (LOPA) framework to include failures caused by cyber attacks. The proposed method provides a rigorous mathematical formulation that expresses quantitatively the tradeoff between designing a highly reliable and a highly secure CPS. We further propose a co-design lifecycle process that integrates the safety and security risk assessment processes. We evaluate the proposed CLOPA approach and the integrated lifecycle on a practical case study of a process reactor controlled by an industrial control testbed and provide a comparison between the proposed CLOPA and current LOPA risk assessment practice.

The complexity of the wharf components and the harshness of the offshore construction environment increase the safety risk of hazards, which has highlighted the importance and urgency of safety risk management in high-pile wharf constructions. This paper established a visualized digital construction safety risk model for high-pile wharf based on a so-called FAHP method (the combination of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methods). The construction safety risk indicators were constructed as the target layer, the principle layer and the scheme layer, and then the corresponding safety risk assessment algorithm was established. The physical, functional and safety risk assessment parameters of the component in the BIM model were employed to the safety risk assessment algorithm, and the risk assessment level of each sub-process was subsequently classified. The case study indicated that the high-pile wharf construction project included five elements in principle layer and 15 risk indicators in the scheme layer. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the sub-processes with the highest construction risk level were steel pipe pile sinking in wharf construction and steel pipe pile, steel sheath-immersed pile sinking and embedded rock pile construction in approaches to bridge construction with a risk level of III. In this way, the quantitative visualization of the construction safety risk was effectively realized, which facilitates the safety risk management of construction sites and timely warning and response to unexpected safety accidents.

Safety risk assessment for automotive battery pack based on deviation and outlier analysis of voltage inconsistency

Rapid advancements in autonomous driving technology have highlighted the challenges of ensuring vehicle safety and driving efficiency in complex dynamic traffic environments. Current approaches typically define potential risks as safety constraints for compliance and use them in trajectory planning. However, the risks predefined in these constraints are often fixed, reducing driving efficiency. To address this limitation, we proposed a dynamic risk-information-driven adaptive trajectory planning method for autonomous vehicles (AVs). This study dynamically adjusted safety constraints using risk assessment results to improve driving efficiency without compromising safety. Firstly, considering the influence of vehicle suspension characteristics on driving safety, collision, and instability risk assessment indices were designed using a three-way-coupled dynamic model to assess driving safety risks. Next, we used the safety risk assessment module to evaluate specific potential risks and adaptively adjusted the safety constraints for constraint-based adaptive trajectory planning. Furthermore, considering trajectory traversal constraints, trajectory selection and optimization were performed on pre-planned trajectories using the cost function to determine the optimal driving trajectory. Lane-changing trajectory planning experiments showed that the method adaptively adjusts safety constraints based on risk assessment results. Under the premise of ensuring driving safety, driving efficiency improved by 55.9% in the preset instability constraint scenario and 27.86% in the preset collision constraint scenario.

Safety risk assessment using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) during planning and budgeting of construction projects

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method in safety risk assessment on communication system based on satellite constellations through constructing safety risk index system.Design/methodology/approachAn empirical study using the AHP was carried out to find the relative weights of those assessment criterion and sub‐objectives of subsystem. Then the risk scores of 15 sub‐objectives and four subsystems were calculated applying the AHP method according to the assessment result of experts.FindingsAccording to the overall results from the estimation of experts the safety risk priority of net application is the highest and the safety risk priority of attack on physical equipment is the lowest. This explained that the possibility of a war in today's era, in which peace and development is the theme is very small, and risk prevention should focus more on the defense of network attacks from enemies.Practical implicationsThis paper provides a positive analysis of safety risk for a communication system based on satellite constellations and gives an opinion in accordance with the assessment result.Originality/valueAn AHP method was applied in the security risk assessment of communications systems on satellite constellation and the estimation of facing risk situation of the satellite communication system was presented according to the opinion of experts.

To prevent the safety accident of large caisson launching for gravity wharf, it is necessary to assess the safety risk in advance, and then take appropriate measures to control the risk. In this paper, the content and method of safety risk assessment of large caisson launching are studied. Based on the characteristics of large caisson launching, the main safety risk factors of large caisson launching were identified, such as characteristic of caisson, site conditions, hydrological and meteorological conditions, construction scheme, and construction environment. Estimation of accident probability uses the index system method. Estimation of accident consequence uses expert investigation method. The risk matrix method is used to combine the accident probability and accident consequence, and then determine the safety risk level of large caisson launching for gravity wharf. The safety risk assessment technology is applied to a coastal gravity wharf engineering in southern China. Result of safety risk assessment proves that the technology is scientific and operable. Meanwhile, it also proves that safety risk assessment of large caisson launching can identify potential risks in advance.