Evaluation of the Knowledge Level of Parents of Preschool and Early Primary School Children About Tooth Brushing

Oral and dental problems can also affect general health. The aim of this study is to evaluate the senior child development undergraduate students' knowledge on pediatric oral and dental health and to examine the changes in their knowledge levels after the training. A 24-item questionnaire was sent to the participating students, in which their demographic characteristics and their knowledge about children's oral health were questioned. Afterwards, 3-hour training was given and the same questionnaire was sent again at the end of the training. One-way Anova and Mann-Whitney-U tests were used to compare quantitative variables. Fortysix students participated in this study. The students' knowledge score was 7.65±1.95 before the training; it was calculated as 9.78±2.06 after training. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The majority of the incorrect answers before the training were given for fluoride toothpaste use (78.3%), tooth brushing start period (60.9%), first permanent tooth eruption time (43.5%), and treatment option of caries in primary teeth(41.3%). A significant decrease was observed in these rates after the training (p < 0.05). Child development students have a moderate knowledge on oral and dental health and their knowledge levels increase with training. In order to raise children with better oral health habits, the undergraduate education of the Child Development Department needs to be rearranged.

Elementary school children possess a high risk of dental caries. Based on the Basic Health Research 2018 data, the percentage of dental and oral health problems in the 10–14 year age group is 41.4%. Efforts to reduce dental and oral health problems in children are conducted by health promotion which can be implemented with flipchart media. Flipchart media can be an alternative; hence, elementary school children are able to better understand the importance of knowledge on maintaining oral health. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of promotion with flipcharts on the level of toothbrush knowledge of maintaining oral and dental health in children. This type of research was a quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with control group. The research location is at SD Muhammadiyah Banyuraden, Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta. The research sample is 80 children aged 8 to 12 years. The sampling technique employed purposive sampling. The influence variable is promotion with flipchart, and the affected variable is the level of knowledge in maintaining oral health. The treatment and control groups performed pretest and posttest to determine the level of knowledge of dental and oral care in elementary school children. The results of the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test analysis demonstrated that before and after promotion, the two groups owned a significant difference in toothbrush knowledge level (p=0.00). The results of the Mann Whitney test analysis display that the mean rank of children's toothbrush knowledge level using flipchart media is greater than PowerPoint media, which is 58.03> 20.98 so that it can be stated that the use of flipchart media is more effective than PowerPoint media. The conclusion of the study is that promotion by employing flipchart media can increase the level of toothbrush knowledge on maintaining oral and dental health in children.

The family environment, especially parents, plays a very big role in developing positive behavior towards dental and oral health. Parental involvement in developing positive behavioral patterns in maintaining oral health is implemented in their children in daily life, both directly and indirectly. The way to improve dental and oral health is for parents to pay attention to children's behavior regarding dental health and children's eating patterns that consume little cariogenic food. The aim of this research is to determine the role of parents in maintaining children's dental and oral health at Abdi Agape Elementary School. The method used in this research is a quantitative method with a descriptive approach. The total population was 260 parents using a sampling technique, namely purposive sampling with the Slovin formula, namely 72 respondents. The results of this study show that parents who carry out their role in maintaining children's dental and oral health are in the good category for the role of parents in regulating food diet as much as 88.89%, the good category for brushing children's teeth as much as 76.39%, and the bad category for brushing children's teeth. control of children's dental health was 51.39%. This research can be concluded that the majority of parents' role in maintaining children's dental and oral health in the role of parents in regulating food diet and the role of parents in brushing children's teeth have good criteria. Then the role of parents in controlling children's dental health has poor criteria. Keyword : Role of Parents, Maintaining Children’s, Dental and Oral Health

To assess the oral health behaviors and risk factors of 5-year-old children in Yuecheng District, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, in order to identify major oral health issues and propose measures for improvements. This retrospective study was conducted from September to October 2023, involving 5-year-old children from 22 kindergartens in Yuecheng District. The survey was administered after obtaining informed consent from the children's parents, who completed a questionnaire regarding their children's oral health behaviors and awareness, as well as the oral health status of the children. A total of 2 108 online electronic questionnaires were collected, with 1 965(1 063 male and 902 female children) confirmed as complete and valid, achieving an effective response rate of 93.2%. After oral examination of 1 641 children, the form data were complete, and 1 635 valid data were obtained (826 male and 809 female children), with a completion rate of 99.6%. The average number of decayed, missing, and filled primary teeth (dmft) for 5-year-old children were 3.95, 0.01 and 0.66, respectively. In Yuecheng District, the averages for decayed and filled primary teeth were significantly higher than the national average in 2018. The survey results indicated that the frequency of sweet food consumption of children in Yuecheng District was significantly lower than the national average, while the habits of brushing teeth, parental assistance in brushing and the use of fluoride toothpaste were significantly higher than the national average. The positive attitude and awareness rate of parents of 5-year-old children on oral health in Yuecheng District were significantly higher than the national average(P＜0.05). Univariate analysis of the factors influencing oral health in 5-year-old children showed that the presence of dental caries was significantly associated with dietary habits, oral hygiene behaviors, parental attitudes toward oral health and parental knowledge of oral health (P＜0.05). The independent risk factors for dental caries in 5-year-old children in Yuecheng District were eating sweets and candies more than twice a day(OR=1.065), drinking sweetened beverages more than twice a day(OR=1.189) and drinking sweetened milk or formula more than twice a day (OR=1.234, P＜0.05). The independent protective factors for dental caries in 5-year-old children in the same region included brushing teeth daily(OR=0.863), brushing teeth twice or more per day(OR=0.884), using fluoride toothpaste(OR=0.876), parental assistance with brushing(OR=0.814), regular dental check-ups(OR=0.834), belief that bacteria can cause caries(OR=0.862), awareness that sugar can lead to caries(OR=0.799), the need for treatment of caries in deciduous teeth(OR=0.860) and the protective effect of fluoride on teeth(OR=0.823, P＜0.05). The higher DMFT and filling rates of 5-year-old children in Yuecheng District of Shaoxing City indicate better oral hygiene conditions. The positive influence of parents' proactive attitudes and higher levels of oral health knowledge has positively impacted children's oral health. It is necessary to strengthen the control of children's sweet food intake and improve parents' oral health awareness to further reduce the occurrence of children's oral health problems.

Dental caries is a disease that is mostly found in the oral cavity together with periodontal disease, so it is a major problem of dental and oral health. Based on the results of basic health research (RISKESDAS) in 2007 in 28 Indonesian provinces, it was found that the prevalence of caries in Indonesia was 67.4%, while the prevalence of active caries (untreated caries) was 43.4%. Many children have cavities and residual roots. Children are not able to independently maintain the health of their teeth and mouth. Apart from parents, school teachers have a big role in improving children's oral and dental health. The role of the teacher is meaningful in this case, because the teacher will meet almost every day with the child. However, the reality is that school teachers do not have skills in maintaining oral health, and the level of knowledge about oral health is still low. Therefore, community service for children is needed in the form of dental health education and joint tooth brushes. Besides that, skills training on brushing teeth also needs to be carried out for teachers. The aim of this service is to improve children's dental health by providing dental health education, joint brushing and increasing teacher knowledge and skills in helping to brush teeth in school children. The method of implementing community service is in the form of dental health education for children, and conducting training for school teachers on oral and dental health. It is hoped that with the dedication carried out, there will be an increase in dental and oral health in children and an increase in knowledge and skills of school teachers.

Background/Objectives: Observational learning enables children to acquire new skills by observing others' actions. Attention is widely recognized as a key supporting process and consists of multiple components that develop substantially during the early school years. Empirical evidence on the association between specific components of attention and observational learning remains limited. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between the main components of attention and observational learning among early primary school children. Methods: Sixty-eight children, aged 6-8, completed a computerized battery assessing the main components of attention (reaction times, simple and related to a choice; focused attention; short-term span of attention; divided and alternating attention) and an observational learning task where children observed an actor detecting a hidden spatial sequence and then reproduced it across detection phase (DP), exercise phase (EP), and automatization phase (AP). Correlational and regression analyses were conducted, controlling for age and gender. Results: Visual and visual-spatial focused attention emerged as significant predictors of performance during DP and EP, with higher levels of focused attention associated with fewer errors and repetitions. Choice reaction time showed phase-specific associations with error rates during early learning phases, whereas age was primarily related to performance during the AP. Conclusions: Observational learning in early primary school relies on specific components of attention rather than on attention as a unitary construct. Visual and visual-spatial focused attention plays a central role during the acquisition and consolidation of observed sequences, with implications for understanding learning from models and for educational practices based on demonstration.

Parents are responsible for their children’s health care, and their oral health-related knowledge, attitude, and habits can affect their children’s oral health. Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate parents’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding their children’s oral health. Methods: In this study, a sample of 398 parents of 4- to 6-year-old children completed a self-designed questionnaire. The parents’ oral health-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices were assessed. Children’s oral health was evaluated using decayed, missing, and filled tooth index (dmft). Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 23.0 with a p < 0.05 as statistically significant. Categorical data were reported as frequency (%), and continuous data were reported as mean ± SD. Moreover, Spearman’s correlation, multiple regression, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal Wallis test, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were used. Results: Most of the parents had a satisfactory level of knowledge and positive attitudes regarding their children’s oral health. The knowledge and attitude scores were higher among parents with higher education (p<0.001), and the knowledge score was higher among mothers (p=0.004). Also, the attitude score was correlated with the number of decayed, missed, and filled teeth of children (p=0.01, p=0.04, and p=0.007, respectively). However, there was no significant relationship between dmft and the parents’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices using multiple regression. The mean dmft of children was 6.86 ± 3.56, and most of the parents had poor oral health-related practices. Conclusion: The parents’ level of knowledge and attitudes were satisfactory, but they had poor oral health practices. Moreover, there was no significant relationship between children’s oral health and their parents’ level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Educating programs and strategies are needed to enhance parents’ oral health-related attitudes and knowledge and, more importantly, change their oral health practices.

Background of Study: Thalassemia is a genetic condition in which the production of globin chains is reduced or non-existent. Beta-thalassemia is caused by mutations in the beta-globin gene, which impede the formation of beta-globin chains. Based on clinical severity, beta thalassemia is categorised as follows.
 The most severe form of beta thalassemia is characterised by severe anaemia and the requirement for blood transfusions. Anaemia caused by beta thalassemia intermedia can be treated with medication or transfusions. Beta thalassemia minima- Also known as beta thalassemia trait, this type is typically asymptomatic.
 Children with beta-thalassemia major require regular blood transfusions, which can result in issues such as iron overload and the transfer of illnesses such as HIV, HCV, and HBsAg, all of which can shorten their life. Inadequate transfusions, on the other hand, result in severe anaemia as well as fatigue and debility.
 Objectives: To measure parents' existing knowledge of thalassemia children's home care management.
 To analyses the efficiency of a self-instructional module on thalassemia children's home care management expertise.
 To link the post-test knowledge score to the demographic factors chosen.
 Materials and Methods: A descriptive research design study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of a self-instructional module on parental understanding of thalassemia children's home care management. The total number of samples in this study was 30. All of them were parents of thalassemia children from A.V.B.R. Hospital in Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha. The study employed a non-probability convenient sampling strategy, with the instrument being designed questionnaires on parental understanding of their children's medical conditions and knowledge of home care management of thalassemia. Based on the aims and hypothesis, the data was statistically analysed using various tests such as descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.
 Results: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficiency of a self-instructional module on parental understanding of thalassemia children's home care management. Following the installation of the seif-instructional module, 63.33 percent of Thalassemia parents had a poor level of knowledge and 36.67 percent had an average level of knowledge prior to the exam, according to analysis. The lowest knowledge score on the pre-test was 2 and the highest knowledge score was 7. The pre-test mean percentage of knowledge score was 33.559.17, and the pre-test mean knowledge score was 5.031.37. Post-test knowledge scores were average for 23.33 percent of Thalassemia parents and excellent for 76.67 percent of Thalassemia parents. The minimum post-test knowledge score was 8 and the maximum post-test knowledge score was 14. The mean post-test knowledge score was 11.901.84, and the mean percentage of knowledge score was 79.3312.29.
 Conclusion: The current study's pre-test results reveal that parents of thalassemia children had insufficient information about thalassemia home care management. Following the self-instructional module, it was a modest attempt to develop understanding of thalassemia home care management. Based on their pre-test scores, 19% of subjects had low knowledge, 11% had moderate knowledge, and 0% had strong knowledge, according to the findings. However, according to post-test results, 0% of subjects had low knowledge, 7% of subjects had average knowledge, and 23% of subjects had strong knowledge. As a result, the post-test knowledge score was statistically interpreted to be greater than the pre-test knowledge score.

Dental and oral health is a key indicator of overall health, well-being and quality of life. Knowledge of children's dental health is a must for a mother for the development of children. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of mothers' level of knowledge about dental and oral health. This study is a type of quantitative research with a cross-sectional research design. The sample in the study was 30 people with a total sampling technique. Data collection uses a questionnaire on the level of maternal knowledge; data analysis uses frequency distribution. The study's results showed that the characteristics of age were mostly in the early adult category of 70.0%, non-working work as much as 73.4%, high school education level as much as 50.0%, and most mothers have a high level of knowledge as much as 73.0%. Good knowledge will encourage mothers to always improve their children's dental and oral health. This research can be used as information to maintain dental and oral health.

BackgroundParenting stress is an unpleasant psychological reaction to the demands of being a parent. It affects parents who raise children with developmental disabilities and presents unique challenges, the impact of which is exacerbated by socio-economic status, age, income, and parental education level. Individuals with intellectual disabilities have poorer general health and oral hygiene compared to the general population. Parenting stress can influence parents’ knowledge and attitudes about maintaining oral health. This research aimed to determine whether there was a relationship between parenting stress and the level of education, knowledge, and attitudes of parents toward maintaining oral health in children with intellectual disabilities.MethodsThis research used a cross-sectional analytical method. The total sample was 104 parents of children with intellectual disabilities in two special schools in Bandung Regency, Indonesia. Data was collected and then tested for correlation with Spearman’s Rank and Kendall Coefficient of Concordance.ResultsThe majority of parents described their level of parenting stress as moderate (51%), with the highest level of education being high school (36.5%), a sufficient level of knowledge (48.1%), and an adequate attitude towards maintaining dental and oral health (46.2%). Multivariate analysis showed a relationship between parenting stress and parents’ level of education, knowledge, and attitudes, with a p-value of 0.0008 and W=0.205.ConclusionThere is a relationship between parenting stress and the level of education, knowledge, and attitudes of parents regarding the maintenance of the oral health of children with intellectual disabilities (whether it is related between parenting stress and each variable or when parenting stress is related to all three).

Children with chronic diseases tend to experience a considerably higher burden of oral disease compared to their healthy peers. Low awareness of the impact of systemic diseases on oral health, lack of motivation, and discomfort may render the maintenance of good oral hygiene challenging. We conducted a study of four groups of parents: of children with congenital heart disease (CHD), with diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM), and undergoing anti-cancer treatment (ACT); and a control group of healthy children (C). We aimed to compare between the groups, parental attitudes and knowledge of their children's oral health, and their reports of their children's dental habits. Parents who arrived with their children for routine check-ups at three main clinics: cardiology, endocrinology, and hematology-oncology were asked to respond to a questionnaire regarding their children's oral and dental health. A total of 287 questionnaires were collected from 76 parents of children with CHD, 100 parents of children with DM, 50 parents of children undergoing ACT, and 61 parents who comprised group C. Compared to the CHD and DM groups, the ACT group demonstrated significantly more awareness of the importance of maintaining oral and dental health following diagnosis of their children's medical condition. Mothers' education was found to correlate with dental health knowledge. Most children in the DM and C groups had previous dental examinations, compared to only half in the CHD and ACT groups. A higher proportion of the children in the C than the other groups brushed teeth twice daily. The groups were similar in their consumption of sugary drinks, and of sweets and snacks. The children's specialist physicians were the main source of information on oral health, especially in the ACT group. Although most of the parents reported awareness to the oral health aspects of their children's disease, only part of them reported that their children visited dentists, and brushed their teeth twice daily. For the parents of children with CHD, DM, and ACT, their children's treating specialists were the primary source of information regarding oral health. This highlights the importance of clear and continuous communication between pediatric specialists and dentists.

Aims: This study aims to evaluate the level of knowledge and clinical approaches of general dentists and dentists with different specialties in Turkey about the controlled extraction of young permanent first molars (PFM) with poor prognosis in children. Methods: The questionnaire study consisted of 23 questions measuring the demographic data of dentists, dentists' opinions and information needs about the controlled indications and extraction criteria of PFM teeth. The survey questions were administered online via Google Form on a voluntary basis. Shapiro Wilk's, Kolmogorov Simirnov and Kruskal Wallis-H tests were used for statistical analysis of the parameters. Results: A total of 261 dentists participated in our survey study, including 48 pediatric dentists, 11 orthodontists, 12 oral and maxillofacial surgeons, 34 dentists with a different specialty and 156 general dentists. 93.1% of the participants stated that they considered controlled extraction of PFM teeth in children at the ideal age range as a treatment method. The proportion of all dentists practicing controlled extraction as a treatment in children was 52.11%. It was observed that dentists, except pediatric dentists and orthodontists, had a low level of knowledge about compensation and balancing extractions. The average knowledge score was 6.08 (out of 9) in terms of the answers given to the questions regarding the level of knowledge. Pediatric dentists and orthodontists had the highest knowledge score, while general dentists and oral and maxillofacial surgeons had the lowest knowledge score. Conclusion: It was determined that general dentists considered controlled extraction of PFMs as a treatment method, but preferred to refer the patient to pediatric dentists or orthodontists at the point of application. Pediatric dentists and orthodontists had higher knowledge scores regarding controlled extraction. The proportion of dentists who thought that the subject of controlled extraction was not sufficiently covered in undergraduate or graduate courses and that there was a lack of guideline on this subject was quite high.

Background: Children who face difficulties in gross motor skill development may withdraw from physical activities, experience low self-esteem, and suffer from social anxiety. Physical education plays a vital role in fostering gross motor development, especially when delivered through enjoyable and engaging activities such as fun games. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the impact of fun game–based learning on the development of gross motor skills in early primary school children. Methods: The study employed a quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group. A total of 36 second-grade students from SDIT Mutiara Hati in Malang participated in this study. Participants were assigned to one of three groups: a control group, a group-based fun games intervention, and an individual-based fun games intervention. The interventions were implemented three times a week for 30 minutes over a period of seven weeks. Gross motor skills were measured before and after the intervention using the Test of Gross Motor Development–Third Edition (TGMD-3), a reliable and validated instrument. Data were analyzed using homogeneity and normality tests, paired-sample t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's HSD post hoc tests, with a significance level set at p < 0.05 (SPSS version 25). Results: Both the individual and group fun game–based learning interventions produced significant improvements in gross motor skills compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, a significant difference was found between the two intervention types, indicating that the mode of fun game delivery influences outcomes (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Fun game–based learning, whether delivered individually or in groups, effectively enhances gross motor skills among early primary school children. Additionally, individual fun game–based learning demonstrated a significantly greater improvement compared to group-based learning.

Parents play an important role in caring for their children's oral health, especially for those with craniofacial deformities. In this study, we analyzed the oral health knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) among parents of children of 1 to 16 years-of-age with craniofacial syndromes (CS) at Universiti Malaya Medical Center (UMMC), Malaysia. This was a case-controlled study conducted between March and December 2021 involving 30 parents of children with CS and 30 parents of normal children as controls. A modified validated KAP questionnaire was distributed to all parents. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 26.0 and descriptive analysis was performed, with data expressed as mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage (%). Most respondents from both groups were mothers (73.3%) between 31 to 40 years-of-age. Both groups of parents had similar levels of oral health knowledge; there was no significant difference between the two groups for 10 of the KAP questions (p > 0.05). However, there was a significant different between the two groups with regards to two 2 relating to the definition of plaque and its relationship to dental caries (p = 0.035 and p = 0.032, respectively). Some parents of CS children believed that primary teeth were not important (23.33%) and were not concerned if their children showed changes in tooth color (26.67%). Despite parental acknowledgement of ideal practice, both groups of children showed irregular dental attendance and reduced toothbrushing frequency. Parents of children with CS had a similar depth of oral health knowledge and a slightly reduced positive attitude when compared to parents in the control group. However, both groups of parents had poor knowledge relating to the transmission and causes of dental caries. Healthcare providers should increase their awareness strategies for parents to be more aware of the ways to improve their children's oral health.

Purpose: This study was conducted to prepare the fundamental data on oral hygiene of the elderly and to assess the behavior of oral hygiene, subjective oral health, oral health problem among the elderly, and to contribute to successful enhancement of life in their declining years. Methods: The author surveyed the behavior of oral hygiene, subjective oral health, oral health problem to 192 elderly at a health center of Busan using structured self- administered questionnaire from Nov. 2nd 2009 to Feb. 10th 2010. Collected data were analysed by SPSS WIN 18.0 statistical program for frequency, percentage production, <TEX>${\chi}^2$</TEX> (Chi-square) verification, t-test, One-way ANOVA, Logistic Regression. Results: The distribution of total subjects by oral health behaviors were 56.8% for "have ever trained how to tooth brushing", 76.6% for "correctly performed tooth brushing by himself ", 71.8% for "tooth brushing a day is two times and less", 87.5% for "it doesn't tooth brushing in meals and after" and 53.6% for "it doesn't use the facility for oral health", respectively. The distribution of total subjects by the state of perceived oral health were 51.0% for "feel the oral discomfort", 51.6% for "feel the comfortable chewing on starchy food", respectively. The mean point of perceived oral health by general characteristics of total subjects were statistically significant difference in sex, type of medical insurance, smoke, exercise, and chronic disease. The mean point of perceived oral health by oral health behaviors of total subjects were statistically significant difference in educational experience on tooth brushing, recognition for tooth brushing by himself, tooth brushing a day, and tongue cleaning. The risk factors of perceived oral health were type of medical insurance and chronic disease in general characteristics, tooth brushing in meals and after and tooth brushing a day, and tongue cleaning in oral health behaviors. Conclusion: The author recommend to the prevention of chronic disease, carry out the tooth brushing in meals and after, three times and over tooth brushing a day and tongue cleaning for oral health. and the author consider that it need to prepare the active countermeasure to oral health such as reeducation for oral health and supply to the tongue cleaner.