Evaluation of the Efficiency and Stability of High-Frequency Inverters Under Varying Load Profiles in Photovoltaic Systems

The population in Cijeruk District, Bogor Regency has grown by 6.27% over the last 5 (five) years. In line with the increasing population growth, the need for electrical energy from year to year is also increasing. The growth in electricity consumption needs to be accompanied by efforts to provide sufficient electricity. One of these efforts is to use renewable energy as a source of electrical energy through hybrid generation system technology. Solar energy potential of 550 – 650 W/m2 and wind energy potential of 4 – 6 m/s in Cijeruk District can be utilized for Hybrid Power Plants. Hybrid Power Plant planned by using HOMER and retrieves load data from the local electricity company. The data obtained will be tested with a model made from HOMER. The optimal Hybrid Power Plant system configuration for Cijeruk District consists of solar and wind power plant. The solar and wind power plant system give a maximum output of 2,733,348 kWh/year and can supply 37.3% of the total load. Solar irradiation shading affects the output power generated by the solar power plant system by 80.5%, while the wind speed affects the output power generated by the wind power plant system by 98.9%. The energy density generated in Cijeruk District in the solar power plant system is 159.81 kWh/m2 per year, while in the wind power plant system is 4.52 kWh/m2.

The implementation of a home-scale solar power plant is generally configured with an on-grid system. The on-grid solar power plant system has a disadvantage at certain times, the electrical energy generated by the solar power plant exceeds the load power consumption. This makes the electrical power generated by the solar power plant flow back to the kWh meter and is wasted. This phenomenon can be overcome by implementing a supervisory system on the on-grid solar power plant system. The supervisory system aims to regulate the solar power plant system so that it should not exceed the load consumption power but not reduce the productivity of the solar power plant system itself. Sampling data was recorded on 13–15 and 26–31 July 2022 (10 days) from sunrise to sunset. This system uses PZEM-004T sensor as a tool for load and solar power plant power monitoring. The supervisory system was successfully regulating the performance of the solar power plant to adjust the load power consumption. The energy generated by the solar power plant during the data retrieval process is 13,054 kWh. The average power generated by the solar power plant and the power supplied by PLN for 10 consecutive days is 104.96 Watts and 363.52 Watts. The data is obtained from the results of the supervisory system that successfully regulates the performance of solar power plant by regulating the activation of each Solar PV module using relay. The monitoring results of the supervisory system can be accessed via internet through the Thinger.io platform. The supervisory system can optimize the generation performance of the solar power plant system practically. Thus, the power is not wasted to the grid compared to the installation of export and import kWh meters.

Solar Power Plant is a power generator that converts sunlight into electricity. Solar Power Plant has a simple concept, namely converting sunlight into electrical energy. These solar cells can produce unlimited energy directly taken from the sun, and do not require fuel, so solar cells are often said to be clean and environmentally friendly. This journal discusses how to design a Solar Power Plant system at PT Bali Cukup Mandiri. The design is in the form of calculating the number of solar panels that can be installed, the capacity obtained, calculating the required capital costs, choosing the appropriate type of Solar Power Plant, the profit and loss if the Solar Power Plant is installed, and a comparison of electricity costs before and after it is installed. The simulation results of Solar Power Plant electrical energy production using the Helioscope and HOMER applications. The calculation results for the Solar Power Plant system for a capacity of 8 kWp require 24 units of 335 Wp solar modules, using a Solar Power Plant installation system of 24 serial units, the capital cost for making Solar Power Plant is around Rp. 114,504,000 electricity generated by the PV system is 13,337 kWh/year and accommodates up to 49% of electrical energy. savings of IDR 16,303,604 in one year after deducting the total electricity bill payments. The total time needed to cover the initial investment in designing a rooftop solar system at PT Bali Cukup Mandiri is 8 years.

Universitas Darma Persada (Unsada) energy profile has an average of almost 2300 kWh everyday. This energy profile is quite high especially at noon, and the existence of solar power plant potential as an electricity producers shows that it is appropriate if Unsada were pushed to utilize this electricity producers as a diffusion of energy supply. Therefor a research is needed especially in power usage data, daily insulation data, solar power plant production specification data from power plant and regulations on the use of renewable energy, electricity to be supplied and power plant system. From the results of processing the data, will be obtained an output of Electricity System and Unsada Electric Energy profile. The solar power plant system that will be develop for the additional power supply is a hybrid solar power system with power plant electrical supply which power is generated at 50.4 kWp. 420 m2 of land is required for the installation of solar panels (can be installed on additional power roofs) and as many as 336 solar panels with 4 locations in each location of 84 solar panels.

The development of newer technologies in concentrating solar power (CSP) plants, particularly plants using dish Stirling systems, as well as changes in the design of photovoltaic (PV) inverters is creating new challenges in the design of low- and medium-voltage collector systems for large solar power plants. Furthermore, interconnect requirements for reactive power, voltage, and ramp rate control and the characteristics of solar power require unique solutions for optimal plant design. To ensure large solar plants can be connected successfully to the grid without impacting grid stability or reliability, the design process must include the development of suitable models of these plants for transient and dynamic simulation. Simulation tools and models can then be used to determine special requirements to deal with issues such as daily plant energization, low voltage ride-through, temporary overvoltage and feeder grounding, etc. The provision of dynamic and static reactive power and the optimization thereof for application at either low, medium, or high voltage and the control issues associated with plant-wide reactive power and voltage control are also key issues in the design. The presentation will focus on the key technical issues and design optimization of large solar power plants.

Balang lompo Island is supplied by Diesel Power Plant (DPP) and Solar Power Plant (SPP), in the operation of SPP it is considered not optimal due to the amount of solar panel capacity of 200 kWp while MPPT capacity of 120 kW and inverter capacity of 100 kVA, with these conditions the research was carried out with the aim of optimizing the generating system on Balang Lompo Island. The optimization of the generating system is conducted by simulation using Homer Legacy Beta software. By entering several important parameters such as technical, economic, and environmental factors therefore, the simulation results obtained in the form of the most optimal system operating patterns represented by one of the smallest net present cost (NPC) parameters, and also the recommended operating hours between DPP and SPP. The research method employed are the preliminary study research, identification and formulation of problems, data collection, data processing using Homer Legacy v2.81 Beta software, and analysis of the simulation results. In this study there are two conditions are compared, the first condition is the existing condition with an MPPT capacity of 120 kW and an inverter capacity of 100 kVA and the second condition is the addition of MPPT capacity to 200 kW and an inverter capacity of 200 kVA. Based on the results, it can be concluded that with the addition of capacity in SPP equipment, namely MPPT capacity to 200 kW and inverter capacity to 200 kVA, it is proven to be able to save NPC costs, O&M costs, fuel costs, reduction in DPP operating hours and DPP fuel consumption. With an NPC value of US $ 3,362,929 (IDR. 48,957,520,382), with the implementation of this system the NPC cost savings could reach US $ 197,161 (IDR. 2,870,269,838) during the 25-year operating period, and savings in US fuel/HSD consumption costs $ 23,936 (IDR. 348,460,288) per year.

One example of the application of new renewable energy that is currently developing is solar power plant. Based on data from Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik (RUPTL) PT PLN (Persero) 2019-2028, it is stated that the potential of solar energy in Indonesia is 207,898 MW (4.80 kWh / m2 / day) and only 78.5 MW of capacity installed in Indonesia. In this study, a 5 MWp solar power plant was interconnected with a 20 kV medium-voltage network of Area X as one of the renewable energy applications in Indonesia. Interconnection studies include power flow analysis and three phase short circuit fault analysis. In the analysis of the power flow results obtained that the Solar Power Plant system is capable of supplying the load requirements to the system of 5,000 kW active power. It was also found that interconnection of solar power plant with the system resulted in an increase in the voltage level of each bus in the system by 0.08 to 1.41%, as well as changing the percentage of component loading by 0.01% -93.01%. The results of the three-phase short-circuit fault analysis show that the interconnection of the solar power plant system has a short-circuit fault current value of 5.70-7.01 kA, so the fault current value for the whole bus is still far below the value of the short-circuit current capacity of the protection system's short circuit worth 25 kA. The results of the interconnection study showed that interconnection of a 5 MWp solar power plant system with a 20 kV medium voltage network Area X can be carried out.

Indonesia is a tropical country that has the privilege of gaining sunshine year-round so that the utilization of solar energy as a solar power plant can be a potential power plant to be developed. One of the problems in the solar power plant system is the power instability generated by the solar panels because it relies heavily on irradiance and relatively low energy conversion efficiency. To solve this problem, the Maximum control of Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is required by the Perturb and Observe (P&O) methods. This P&O MPPT control makes solar PV operate at the MPP point so that the solar PV output power is maximized. However, the MPPT P&O control that works at the MPP point makes the output voltage to the load is also maximum that causes overvoltage. This paper, therefore, discusses the modification of the MPPT Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm for Constant Power Generation (CPG) that combines MPPT P&O with the power control settings to the maximum limit of solar PV. This method can set up 2 operating conditions of the solar PV namely MPPT mode and CPG mode. The MPPT mode works when the solar PV output power is smaller than the reference power to maximize solar PV output power. However when the solar PV output power is more than or equal to the reference power then the CPG mode works to limit the solar panel's output power. Based on the simulated results of this MPPT-CPG control shows the load output voltage response can be kept constant 48 V with less than 5% error that has been verified using a variety of irradiance and reference power.

Comparative life cycle assessment of thermal energy storage systems for solar power plants

One of the most critical hardware components for the performance of the Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) system is the antenna and the resistive loaded antenna is one of common antennas used in the GPR system. The authors extend the Wu-King linear current distribution to the double exponential current distribution, modify the inaccurate part of the Wu-King loading profile and deduce an improved resistive loading profile with high efficiency. The broadband performance of the improved resistive loading profile has been studied; the concept of lengthening coefficient is created and the optimum parameter designing curve of the antenna is provided. Numerical calculation shows that the maximum bandwidth and efficiency of antenna can be achieved with the improved loading profile simultaneously. The impedance bandwidth is as high as 40:1, which is much greater than the 3:1 bandwidth of Wu-King distribution when the voltage standing wave ratio is below 3. It exhibits better efficiency and bandwidth than Wu-King loading profile. The loading profile can reduce the late-time ringing, enhance the pulse radiation characteristics and be widely applied to other resistive loading antenna for GPR applications.

Chapter 7 - The influence of ambient crosswind on the performance of solar updraft power plant system

One of the most critical hardware components for the performance of the GPR system is the antenna and the resistive loaded antenna is one of common antennas used in the GPR system. The author extends Wu-King linear current distribution to the double exponential current distribution and modifies the inaccurate part of the Wu-King loading profile and deduces an improved resistive loading profile with high efficiency. The broadband performance of the improved resistive loading profile has been studied; the concept of lengthening coefficient is created and the optimum parameter design curve of the antenna is provided. Numerical calculation shows that the maximum bandwidth and efficiency of antenna can be achieved with the improved loading profile simultaneously. The impedance bandwidth is as high as 40:1, which is much greater than the 3:1 bandwidth of Wu-King distribution when the voltage standing wave ratio is below 3. It exhibits better efficiency than Wu-King profile. The loading profile can reduce the late-time ringing and be widely applied to other resistive loading antenna for GPR applications.

The study of heat loss and exergy loss distribution in the power plant system plays a very important role in improving the efficiency of the system. In this paper, a dynamic simulation model of the 5MW solar thermal power system is established. Then, the simulation test with the actual data in a solar thermal power plant is carried out, and we analyze the heat and the exergy loss of the system. The results show that, the heat loss of the condenser is the largest, up to 72%. To increase the thermal efficiency of the system, the energy-saving research for the condenser should be pay attention to. The solar collector field has the most of exergy loss in the system, accounting for approximately 89%. From the exergy efficiency perspective, the solar collector system has huge potential for energy- saving. The thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of a solar thermal power plant system increases as the load increases, full-load operation of the unit should be maintained as much as possible.

Lelewi Village, Gane Tengah District, South Halmahera Regency, there are 80 families (heads of families) whose livelihood is farmers and fishermen. Geographically, Lelewi village is located in an area with a fairly high potential for solar energy, making Lelewi village a suitable place for the construction of a Solar Power Plant. Frequent sudden power outages due to lack of load capacity and natural disturbances (such as broken branches and trees and animals) cause a large number of electronic equipment to be damaged. And the operating time of PLN starts from 18.00 – 07.00, so a Solar Power Plant (PLTS) system is designed for use during the day only.So that this research will be discussed in more depth about the Analysis of Power Calculation at Solar Power Plants in Lelewi Village, South Halmahera Regency. To design an electric energy plant so that it meets the load needs for 10 years in Lelewi Village, South Halmahera Regency, it is necessary to carry out a load forecast (forecast electricity load). The method used to carry out load forecasting is the Linear Regretion method. Solar power energy is calculated at 50% of the daily load during the day, total electrical energy that can be generated from solar power plants is 12 Wh. The solar components used after accounting for the need for electrical power backup are 48 100 wp solar panels, 48 units of 12V voltage batteries with a capacity of 100 Ah which are expected to be charged in about 10.05 hours, 2 units of solar charger controllers, and 1 unit of inverter with a capacity of 226.25 Watts

System and components design of a sodium heat transfer circuit for solar power plants