Abstract
Ruminal microbiota of cattle are not able to detoxify all mycotoxins. In addition, detoxification can be hampered by adverse ruminal conditions (e.g., low ruminal pH). Hence, in the cattle husbandry, mycotoxin binders and modifiers could be used to prevent animal exposure to mycotoxins. In this study, an in vitro rumen model, including feed matrix, was established as first screening tool to test the efficacy of five products claiming to detoxify mycotoxins. The detoxifiers had different modes of action: (a) binding (three products); (b) enzymatic detoxification of zearalenone (ZEN; one product, ZenA); and (c) bacterial transformation of trichothecenes (one product, BBSH 797). For the mycotoxin binders, the binding to the mycotoxins enniatin B (ENN B), roquefortine C (ROQ-C), mycophenolic acid (MPA), deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), and zearalenone (ZEN) were tested at a dose recommended by the manufacturers. The in vitro model demonstrated that all binders adsorbed ENN B to a certain extent, while only one of the binders also partially adsorbed ROQ-C. The binders did not change the concentrations of the other mycotoxins in the ruminal fluid. The enzyme ZenA detoxified ZEN very quickly and prevented the formation of the more toxic metabolite α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), both at normal (6.8) and low ruminal pH (5.8). The addition of BBSH 797 enhanced detoxification of DON and NIV, both at normal and low ruminal pH. The in vitro rumen model demonstrated that the addition of ZenA seems to be a very promising strategy to prevent estrogenic effects of ZEN contaminated feed, and BBSH 797 is efficient in the detoxification of trichothecenes.
Highlights
Dairy cattle are often exposed to mycotoxins as high yielders are given a large proportion of maize silage in their ration [1]
The results show that ZenA and BBSH 797 are promising mycotoxin modifiers to detoxify ZEN or deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in contaminated feeds, respectively
Previous research has demonstrated that some mycotoxins remain intact in the rumen (e.g., mycophenolic acid (MPA)) and that the degradation of mycotoxins is strongly dependent on the rumen conditions [8,9,10]
Summary
Dairy cattle are often exposed to mycotoxins as high yielders are given a large proportion of maize silage in their ration [1]. Physical treatments of contaminated grains including density segregation to remove damaged grains, washing and dehulling or reduction of fungal spore contamination by irradiation, or chemical treatments can be applied [11,12,13] Another commonly used approach to reduce the exposure to mycotoxins in animal feed, is the addition of mycotoxin detoxifying agents (mycotoxin detoxifiers) [11,12,13,14]. In vitro models to study the efficacy of mycotoxin detoxifying agents include static and dynamic models. A static in vitro rumen model with the presence of feed was established as first screening tool to test the efficacy of five products claiming to detoxify mycotoxins. The binding to the mycotoxins DON, NIV, ENN B, MPA, ROQ-C, and ZEN were tested
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