Abstract
The objective reasons for the low yield of breeding material are shown. They are associated with the timing of the fruits selection, affecting the formation of the embryos and cotyledons, as well as their infection and damage by seed eater (Apion Pomonae Fabricius). The paper presents a general characteristics of the seeds quality of cherry varieties and the stages of development of embryos and cotyledons depending on the period of pollination. The presence of damage to the seed by seed eaters at an early stage was revealed, and then the complete destruction of the nucleus by its larvae. The assessment of the seeds quality in the fruits of cherry varieties (C. vulgaris L.) was carried out to reveal the suitability their embryos cultivation in vitro for breeding programs of new varieties development. The presence of three waves of fruit dropping, inherent in cherry varieties after blossoming is clarified. When assessing the quality of the seed of the varieties introduced into in vitro culture, it is necessary to pay attention to the timing of the “harvest” of fruits and their infection, the formation of the embryos and cotyledons, as well as the presence or absence of clutches of seed eaters (damage by seed eaters).
Highlights
The breeding process to create the varieties more productive, early-ripening and resistant to major harmful diseases than the existing varieties of sweet cherries and cherries presented in the State Register continues in the scientific institutions of the Russian Federation, including at the Krymsk Experimental Breeding Station of the VIR branch using the biotechnological methods [1]
If the fruits from the first wave of abscission, practically after blossoming are not included in the breeding process, the fruits used from the second wave of abscission (14-20 days after pollination), highly likely do not have an embryo and, there is no possibility to get the seedlings
The fruits of later ripening may contain the embryos with various degree of their formation associated with a lack of nutrition, underdevelopment of the cotyledons, infection and damage by Apion Pomanae Fabricius, which directly negatively affect the yield of breeding material
Summary
The breeding process to create the varieties more productive, early-ripening and resistant to major harmful diseases than the existing varieties of sweet cherries and cherries presented in the State Register continues in the scientific institutions of the Russian Federation, including at the Krymsk Experimental Breeding Station of the VIR branch using the biotechnological methods [1].Cultivation of hybrid embryos of cherry [2, 3] and sweet cherry [1, 4, 5] in vitro makes it possible to grow them and accelerate the appearance of new forms. In experiments in vitro culture, it is undoubtedly very important to take into account the qualitative composition of seeds in the fruits. In such studies, very little attention was paid to this, and the results of the experiments were evaluated almost exclusively by the number of seedlings obtained, which number depends on many factors affecting the fruits formation. Very little attention was paid to this, and the results of the experiments were evaluated almost exclusively by the number of seedlings obtained, which number depends on many factors affecting the fruits formation These factors include the chemical substances, the processing of which increases in the yield capacity [10]. The genotype – environment interaction plays an important role in the period of pollination [11]
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