Abstract
Porous carbon and ceramic tubes were evaluated as supports for dynamically formed zirconium (IV) hydrous oxide-polycarboxylic acid hyperfiltration membranes. The most promising membranes were formed on Union Carbide 6-C carbon tubes using a 150,000 molecular weight polyacrylic acid. Sodium chloride rejections as high as 97% were obtained at water fluxes of 80 gpd/ft{sup 2} compared with rejections of 90 to 95% and fluxes of 130 gpd/ft{sup 2} using the porous stainless steel-Acropor/Millipore supports. The effects of pressure, circulation velocity, and temperature on membrane flux and sodium chloride and Coalinga water rejections were studied. A small industrial module containing 6-C carbon supports with a 3.04 ft{sup 2} filtration surface gave a salt rejection of 86% and a product water flux of 60 gpd/ft{sup 2}.
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