Evaluation of Physicochemical Grain Traits in Promising Rice Lines in Comparison with Local Check Varieties

Rice is one of the most important food crops, particularly rice varieties used for processing, which have received increasing attention in recent years due to rising domestic demand and industrial utilization in Vietnam. Systematic evaluation of newly developed rice lines for yield, quality, and adaptability under South Central Coast conditions is necessary due to the decline in suitable processing varieties and the susceptibility of existing cultivars to major pests and diseases. Therefore, field experiment was carried out in spring season 2025 at Da Nang city (South Central Coastal Vietnam) to evaluate the growth, development, yield and quality of new promising rice lines and varieties for processing. Rice variety, namely ML202 (control) and 7 promising lines namely P598, P587, P685, P464, P620, P480, P509 were used for the study with three replications in a randomised complete block design. The results indicated that the highest leaf area index and flag leaf area obtained at the line of P620 (4.75 m2 leaves/m2 soil and 35.16 cm2, respectively) The rice lines and varieties yield produced between 6.42 and 7.45 t/ha, in which yield of P464 and P620 lines were 7.33-7.45 t/ha greater than the control variety of 14.2-16.0%. Amylose content of all studied rice lines and variety were higher than 25%. Promising lines, namely P464 and P620 with the highest yield and good quality categorization for processing were proposed for futher study with other technical practices.

Genetic performance, heritability, and correlation of traits in new plant type of rice lines for highland ecosystem

The main purpose of plant breeding programs is to improve varieties acceptable to rural communities. Participatory crop improvement for rice lines was initiated using techniques which were designed with the purposes to strengthen the collaboration between breeders and stakeholder especially farmers to produce varieties. Before the promising rice lines released and adopted by farmers, it is necessary to study the preferences on characteristics, especially its quality, because farmers have their own criteria or considerations before adopting a new variety. A bottom-up preferences in this study is to understand the major phenotypic performance, sensory quality, and provide recommendations for improving promising rice lines (Oryza sativa L.). The respondents are farmers, extension workers, members of academic institutions, and local government officers, came from four Regencies (Banyumas, Magelang, Batang, Klaten) that representing the main rice production areas in Central Java province. The attribute data on rice characteristics showed that grain size, plant age, and lemma shape of apiculus was essentially regarded as a major factor for better performing varieties. The respondents’ preference provides recommendations for breeders to release promising rice lines GM 8 and GM 2 into commercial varieties.

Abstract. Maruapey A, Wicaksana N, Karuniawan A, Utami DW, Windarsih G. 2020. Swampy rice lines performance for iron toxicity tolerance and yield components under inland swamp at Sorong, West Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5394-5402. The extensification of sub-optimal lowland farming strategy is expected to support the increase of rice production. Based on the efforts, the development of tolerant rice varieties to Fe-toxicity to be used in the swampy land area is one of the approaches for increasing rice production. Currently, promising rice lines that are tolerant to Fe-toxicity has been developed using molecular breeding approach for inland swampy area. The objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of 15 promising rice lines that have various genetic backgrounds in inland swamp in Sorong, West Papua. The field experiment was conducted during the second rice planting season (August 2018 to February 2019) to evaluate the performance of the promising rice lines to the morpho-agronomic performance under the lowland swamp conditions. The trial was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) consisting of 4 m x 5 m square plots, with 25 cm x 25 cm planting distance and 3 replications. The results revealed that most of the lines had good performances on the Fe-toxicity tolerance, based on bronzing, root length, and biomass characters. The G1 line had the best performance on yield component characters, especially the panicle length. This line also had the highest grain yield (6.15 ton.ha-1) followed by the next promising line of G7 (5.92 ton.ha-1). The genetic performance of these lines showed that they contained IRT (Iron Regulation Transporter) alleles that contributed to partitioning the Fe tolerance mechanism.

Efforts to increase rice production are being made thru plant breeding activities, including testing or evaluating the agronomic characteristics of promising lines. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of several promising rice lines, namely lines GKYGK 1, GKYGK 2, GKYGK 3, and GKYGK 4, compared to the Gilirang and Segreng Handayani varieties. The research was conducted from November 2022 to March 2023 in Mojosari Village, Playen District, Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta. The tested rice lines and their control varieties were planted in plots measuring 500 m2 each, using the legowo planting system with a spacing of 2:1 or (25 X 12.5 X 50) cm. From each line, 4 tillers were sampled to observe several agronomic characteristics including: plant height, number of productive tillers, panicle length, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, grain length, grain width, number of filled grains, number of empty grains, grain weight per tiller, and weight of 1,000 grains. In addition, yield from the harvested area was also observed. The data obtained were then analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). If there were significant differences, the testing was continued with Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at the 5% level. The research results showed that the GKYGK 3 line had high yield potential in several characteristics, such as having the shortest plant height (117.31 cm), the highest 1,000-grain weight of filled grains (29.43 g), and the highest yield per square meter (9.688 kg). The GKYGK 1 line had high yield potential, such as having the highest number of productive tillers (18.56 stems), the longest panicle length (28.47 cm), and the highest grain weight per clump (60.68 g). The GKYGK 2 line had the highest percentage of filled grains (79.33%) and the longest grain length (10.53 mm).

Weather phenomenon and erratic rainfall are some of the symptoms of global climate change. These challenges attempt to increase rice production in tidal swamps or submerge land in the long term. An effort to form tolerant rice varieties to stress in tidal swampland has been carried out through crossing between superior varieties and local rice. This study aims to analyze the results of several promising rice lines and search for the potential rice lines to be released as new tidal swampland varieties. The experiment was carried out in tidal swamp rice area centers, in Karang Agung, South Sumatra, Balandean, South Kalimantan and in Indramayu, West Java Indonesia. Fourteen rice lines and four check varieties namely IR42, IR64, Inpara 8 and Inpara 9 were used. Field experiments used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Results showed that the environment, genotype, and interaction between environmental genotypes had a significant influence on all characters. The appearances of the lines were superior in Karang Agung and less well on Balandean. The yield was positively correlated with plant height, the number of productive tillers and filled grains per panicle. There were five lines with a high yield equivalent to the best check varieties, namely Inpara 9, IR 102860-8: 66-BB, IR 102860-8: 42-BB, IR 101465-8: 23, IR 101465-5: 25, and B13522E-KA-5-B.

Rice is one of the world’s oldest important crops. Qualitative traits can be useful for the identification of promising rice lines. In this study, seventeen advance rice lines were evaluated for qualitative traits. This assessment was carried out to analyse the variability in genotypes, based on 49 important qualitative traits of rice. Data on morphological parameters was collected from each line at suitable phase of growth to check variation. Findings were recorded according to descriptors for rice. Dendrogram was constructed which divided all the genotypes into seventeen major clusters, each subdivided into smaller sub-clusters. The pattern of cluster based on qualitative traits revealed the wide genetic variation. A high level of genetic variability based on qualitative traits was observed in this study. The genetic improvement of the rice needs the availability of genetic variability in promising lines. Significant phenotypic information and these variability has potential to develop quality rice for future breeding programs.

Maturity Group (MG) is a widely-used system for soybean varieties classification in the world. However, it has not been adopted yet in China. In the current studies, we identified the MG catagories for 19 check varieties from the National Soybean Uniform Trials of China by comparing the check varieties with 38 MG standard varieties from the North America, which covered MG000–MGVIII. The check varieties from 16 trial groups represented most of the released soybean varieties in China.All standard and check varieties were sown in spring of Beijing and Wuhan, and the supplementary tests using local varieties were conducted in other 18 sites across the country. The results showed that the MGs of check varieties in the National Soybean Uniform Trials ranged from MG0 to MGVI. Some varieties from different trial groups could be classified into the same MGs, for example, MGIII included the varieties from the Late Group of the Northern Spring Planting Soybean Region, Northwest Spring Planting Soybean Region, all three (north, mid and south) zones of Huanghuaihai Summer Planting Soybean Region, and Southwest Mountainous Spring Planting Soybean Region; the varieties from Yangtze River Spring Planting Soybean Region and the Tropical and Subtropical Summer Planting Soybean Regions were classified into MGV and MGVI. Fudou 301 and Quandou 7,check vrieties from the Tropical and Subtropical Spring Planting Soybean Regions, belonged to MGII and MGIV, respectively.Based on the MG classification and other factors, the authors suggested that the Huanghuaihai Summer Planting Soybean Region can be changed to two (north and south) zones from the current three (north, mid, and south) zones, and the regionization of National Soybean Uniform trials in South China should also be modified. Late Maturity Group of the Northern Spring Planting Soybean Region and the Northwest Spring Planting Soybean Region, both belong to MGIII, should be separated because they are different ecotypes in drought tolerance. The results of this experiment pave the way for establishing the MG system based on biological identities of varieties in order to classify soybean varieties and regionalize the soybean production regions in China.

Gene pyramiding has been developed for effective resistant genes, such as bacterial blight resistance genes. However, in this report, pyramiding for multiple traits is presented. We evaluated 28 pyramided rice lines derived from 7 hybridizations of valuable parents for high yield potential, early maturity, aroma, high grain quality, and resistance to brown planthopper using both simple-sequence repeat markers and phenotypic markers. Pyramided rice genotypes were evaluated with RM282 molecular marker linked to GW3 gene associated with grain weight, RM259 (number of panicles), RM3600 (length of panicles), RM3701 (short panicles), RM19414 (Hd3), RM7601 (Hd2), RM190, and SSIIa (waxy), IFAP and ESP (aroma), RM586 (Bph3 and Bph4), and RM8213 (Qpbh4 and Bph17(t)). Eight genotypes (i.e., #9, #15, #16, #22, #25, #26, #27, and #28) were confirmed to have desired genes associated with multiple important traits based on molecular markers and morpho-agronomic traits. A strong correlation was found between RM19414 and heading date, between specific markers for aroma and sensory test. Meanwhile, a weak correlation was found between RM259 with panicle number, RM586, and RM8213 with trichome density. As presented in this study, gene pyramiding promises a new hope to combine multiple traits in rice breeding. Promising rice lines will be incorporated in the multiple traits breeding program.

Developing and cultivating new promising rice lines with high yield potential and blast disease resistance is an important goal of rice breeding. The study was to evaluate some developed new elite rice lines for high yield, blast resistance, effective resistance genes to Pyricularia grisea and rice stem borer insect as well as assessment of the genetic diversity in these lines using microsatellite markers. Significant differences were found among the studied new promising lines and their parents for yield and its component traits. Promising lines; GZ11190-3-13-1-1 and GZ11190-3-13-4-1 gave the highest grain yield compared with their parents; Giza 178 and GZ6296-12-1-2-1-1 and superiority for all studied traits. Also under this study, twenty six isolates were identified as five main groups i.e., IC, ID, IF, IG and IH, but ID and IH groups were considered the most common race, Pib resistance gene was the most effective gene to blast fungus. Promising lines GZ11190-3-13-1-1 and GZ11190-3-13-4-1 proved resistance for all tested isolates under greenhouse condition and moderately resistant for stem borer insect. For genetic diversity analysis, twenty SSR markers were polymorphic amplifying a total of 102 alleles. Characterization of these markers showed high discriminating power with an average polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.754.Major allele frequency ranged from 0.475 (RM590) to 0.923 (RM5 and RM5313), with an average of 0.705. The cluster analysis based on microsatellite SSR markers grouped 13 rice genotypes into clear separate groups and was able to reveal close genetic relationships between rice genotypes used in rice breeding program.

Internode length, plant height and culm thickness are the primary traits affecting the strength of culm in rice. The present investigation was carried out to study genetic variability and trait association of internode length and strong culm related traits in recombinant inbred lines (RILs) in rice. The lodging stress is influenced by intricate interplay of several factors and many questions remain unanswered. To elucidate the complex lodging phenomenon, traits viz., the length of uppermost internode (IL1), second internode (IL2), third internode (IL3), fourth internode (IL4), fifth internode (IL5), sixth internode (IL6), number of internodes (INN), plant height (PH), pushing resistance (PR) and culm thickness (CT) were investigated. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) displayed significant variation in RILs for all the traits studied. The investigation revealed high estimates of PCV and GCV along with high heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean (GAM) for traits under investigation revealing the role of additive gene effect and selection of these attributes will be valuable for rice improvement. Association studies revealed that strong culm is reliant on internode length of basal primary internodes and CT. Thus, the direct selection of culm thickness and lower basal internode length can improve the breaking-type lodging resistance in rice. Our conceptual perceptions are expected to provide valuable information to improve the culm strength in rice.

Deficit light led to the reduction of photosynthesis and carbohydrate synthesis for upland rice plants in the plantation area. This experiment aimed to screen some germplasm rice shade-tolerant levels, local rice varieties, and high yielding rice and promising lines further generations. The experiment was conducted at Muara Experimental Farm, Bogor starting in April 2017. A total of ± 200 rice lines and comparative varieties, i.e, Jatiluhur, Rindang 1, Rindang 2, IR64, Inpago 5, and Kalimutu, were tested below paranet ± 60% light interception and without shading as control. The augmented design was used as an experiment design with four replications for the check varieties. Result showed that light intensity affected the growth and development of plant rice lines. There were 23 lines detected as tolerant and 11 lines as moderate of 200 tested lines. The plant height in shade and control areas was not different, whereas the number of tillers in gogo shade had a much less amount than in control treatment. The flowering phase at shade caused a decrease in the formation rate of the flowering phase in rice lines. Therefore, the flowering age became longer without shade. Leaf chlorophyll content of lines in the shade treatment was lower than in control.

Abstract. Taryono, Supriyanta, Wulandari RA, Nurmansyah, Ambarwati E, Arsana IGKD, Aristya VE, Purba AE, Aisya AW, Alam T. 2023. Selection of drought-tolerant rice genotypes under cajuput (Melaleuca cajuputi subsp. cajuputi) agroforestry system. Biodiversitas 24: 4791-4802. Rice production can be increased by expanding rice cultivation area on agroforestry land. However, planting rice in agroforestry system, which is generally rainfed, might cause drought stress and eventually can reduce rice yields. The study aimed to select rice genotypes under drought stress conditions in a rainfed agroforestry system with cajuput or kayu putih (Melaleuca cajuputi subsp. cajuputi Powell). Ten promising rice lines and four control cultivars were grown during the dry season from March-July 2022 at the Menggoran Forest Management Resort, Playen Forest Section, Yogyakarta Forest Management, Indonesia. The observation was conducted on drought stress tolerance (sensitivity and recovery), molecular identification, and yield of rice cultivars. The results showed that G5 was the genotype with drought tolerance and had the best recovery compared to the other promising rice lines and control cultivars. The molecular identification of the 14 rice genotypes using 20 SSR markers detected 108 alleles with a PIC value of 0.707. The G5, G4, and G9 had higher yields than the control cultivars. The BLUE showed that the yield of G5, G4, and G9 were 6.59, 5.93 and 5.50 tons ha-1, respectively, while for BLUP by 6.45, 5.87 and 5.43 tons ha-1, respectively. Furthermore, there were four clusters consisting of cluster 1 (G9), cluster 2 (G7), cluster 3 (G5 and Inpago 12), and cluster 4 (Inpari 42, G6, Inpari 30 Ciherang Sub 1, Situ Bagendit, G3, G4, G10, G2, G1, and G8). The findings of this study recommend G4, G5, and G9 as promising rice lines which tolerant to drought stress under M. cajuputi agroforestry system and can be utilized in future plant breeding programs.

The purpose of rice breeding is to create varieties that are well adapted, highly productive, and acceptable to farmers. However, rice productivity is limited as a result of combined biotic stresses (pests/diseases). This study combines assessment by farmers with the evaluation by breeders with respect to promising rice lines within a range of environments. The aim is to investigate farmers’ preferences and to characterize the yield of promising rice lines, as well as their resistance to pests/diseases by consulting 120 farmers and breeders. This study used an oversite design replicated three times with thirteen promising lines and two varieties, which were all evaluated at farmers’ fields between December 2019 and May 2020. The Importance Performance Analysis was used to compare line performance and farmers’ expectations. Lines Gamapadi-2 and Gamapadi-4 had the highest acceptability scores based on the farmers’ preferences. The yield performances were evaluated using the Finlay–Wilkinson test and the genotypes were evaluated using environmental models (GGE biplot) to determine the most stable lines to be recommended for large-scale planting. The Finlay–Wilkinson and GGE biplot conclusion analyses also showed that the Gamapadi-2 and Gamapadi-4 lines exhibited high potential yield and stability, as well as indications of specific advantages. The results for both lines in all locations indicated no symptoms of brown planthoppers or bacterial leaf blight due to its absence during the field research. These lines in all age ranges at two sites showed no symptoms of leaf blast.

Selection and release of high yielding and disease resistant varieties is the cost effective and ecologically sound approach for increasing the production and productivity of agricultural crop in Nepal. Twenty-two advanced bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes including commercial check variety "Sorgadwari", newly released check variety "Khumal Shakti" and Local Check variety " Jhadde" were evaluated under irrigated conditions at Gokuleshwor Agriculture and Animal Science College (GAASC), Baitadi, Nepal during 2022/2023. This study was carried out for the identification of high yielding genotypes under irrigated condition in western hills. The experiment was conducted in Alpha lattice design with two replications. The highly significant difference (p<0.01) among the genotypes was found for most of the traits viz., days to heading, days to anthesis, days to maturity, plant height, spikes per square meter, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, flag leaf area, thousand kernel weight, biomass yield and grain yield and non-significant difference for spike length. The mean grain yield ranged from 1908 to 4146 kg/ha with grand mean of 2766 kg/ha. The highest grain yield was produced by genotype NL 1474 (4146 kg/ha) which was followed by NL 1475 (3994 kg/ha), NL1597 (3536 kg/ha) and NL 1590 (3070 kg/ha). The check variety Sorgadwari and Khumal Shakti produced 3480 and 3070 kg/ha respectively while the local check variety Jhadde produced 2655 kg/ha. Similarly, highest TKW was produced by NL 1487 (68.5 g) followed by BL 5148 (67.2 g) and WK 3730 (66.3 g). The correlation analysis revealed that grain yield showed highly significant positive correlation with biomass yield (0.90**) and number of grains per spike (0.6**), spikes per square meter (0.7**), plant height (0.5**) and non-significant positive correlation with spike length (0.21) and grain weight per spike (0.1) and non-significant negative correlation with days to heading (-0.2) and days to maturity (-0.2). Cluster analysis revealed that Cluster III consists of 4 genotypes namely NL 1474, NL 1475, NL 1597 and Sorgadwari. This cluster represent with highest grain yield, number of spikes per meter square, number of grains per spike and grain weight per spike. Among the tested genotypes, NL 1474, NL 1475, NL 1597 and NL 1590 were found superior for grain yield and yield-related traits in comparison to three checks and could be recommended for hills of Sudurpaschim province after further testing in multi-environment and in farmer's field.