Evaluation of gut-derived quorum quenchers: battling vibriosis with shrimp-source probiotics using brine shrimp model

Characterization of the virulence of Harveyi clade vibrios isolated from a shrimp hatchery in vitro and in vivo, in a brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) model system

Shorea macrophylla, also known as the ‘Engkabang’ tree or Light Red Meranti, is renowned for its role in reforestation efforts. Despite lacking records of traditional use, the reported biological activities of other species within the Shorea genus spark curiosity about the potential biological activities of this plant. Therefore, this study aims to explore the antioxidant capabilities of S. macrophylla leaf and bark extracts, along with their protective effects against oxidative stress using a brine shrimp model. In the evaluation of antioxidant potential, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were employed. Extracts were incubated in DPPH and FRAP solutions, and absorbances were measured at 517 and 593 nm, respectively. The brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLT) involved exposing brine shrimps (Artemia salina) to various concentrations of the extract, with LC50 values determined through probit regression analysis. Oxidative stress protection assays entailed treating brine shrimps with safe doses of S. macrophylla extracts before exposure to H2O2, with subsequent observation of survival rates. The DPPH assay unveiled IC50 values of 1.025 and 0.693 mg/mL for S. macrophylla leaf and bark extracts, respectively, while FRAP values exhibited a concentration-dependent relationship. BSLT demonstrated concentration-dependent mortality, with LC50 values of 0.93 and 0.6455 mg/mL for S. macrophylla leaf and bark extracts, respectively. Pre-treatment with S. macrophylla extracts significantly increased brine shrimp survival against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. In conclusion, both S. macrophylla leaf and bark water extracts demonstrated noteworthy antioxidant activities and exhibited protective effects against oxidative stress in brine shrimps. These findings provide insights into the antioxidant activities and protective effects of S. macrophylla Leaf and Bark extracts.

Toxicity of several types of saponins (1–11) against brine shrimp (Artemia salina) were evaluated. As a result, it was found that most tested compounds were not toxic to brine shrimp at high enough concentration. The most toxic saponin (1) to brine shrimp showed also cytotoxicity towards HL-60 tumor cell line using MTT assay. Brine shrimp model may thus be used as bench-top assay in finding cytotoxic components from saponin-containing fractions of plant extracts.

Flubendiamide is a synthetic insecticide that belongs to the class diamides which is used to control a variety of pests, particularly lepidopteran insects. Indiscriminate use of these can lead to the presence of residues in the produce which can be harmful. Hence this study was undertaken to estimate the toxicity of Flubendiamide in brine shrimp model and the possible targets using molecular docking studies. Commercially available flubendiamide (39.35%) was purchased from local market. Ascending concentration of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 500 µg/ml of Flubendiamide were prepared by serial dilution in salt water. Brine shrimp were treated with above mentioned concentrations and the number of live mobile and dead shrimp were recorded 24 hours after exposure. An Insilico study was conducted to explore the possible binding sites of Flubendiamide with the proteins Caspase 8, Bax, BCl2, TNF alpha, Caspase 3, and Bad proteins of humans. Molecular docking experiments were performed using docking program Auto Dock Tools- 1.5.7. Ink. There was a dose dependent mortality of the brine shrimp with no mortality at 5 and 100 per cent mortality at 500 µg/ml. The LC50 was found to be 44.87µg/ml. After docking studies, the binding energies of the ligand flubendiamide for the receptors were found as -3.90 kcal/mol for Caspase 8. From the study it could be concluded that high concentration of flubendiamide can cause toxicity and it may induces apoptosis by activating extrinsic pathway.

In light of the availability of phytochemicals with medicinal properties, herbal remedies are a valuable natural resource. Sweetenia mahagoni has been used for centuries in tropical places for a variety of medical purposes. Preclinical studies are essential; therefore, it is important to confirm their safety and answer any lingering doubts about their efficacy before they enter human trials. Methanol was employed to macerate the plant and get out its phytochemical constituents. The presence of antimicrobial properties of the extract was demonstrated through in vitro studies of antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella abony. It’s possible that the extract can neutralize reactive oxygen species. Bioactive phytochemicals (limonoids, flavonoids, and terpenoids) have been linked to both antibacterial and antioxidant capabilities, according to trials testing their efficacy. The extract was found to be nontoxic to brine shrimp at concentrations up to 300 µg/mL in an in vivo lethality test.

This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and toxicity of methanolic extracts of three Algerian propolis collected from Oum el Bouaghi (MEPO), El Harrouch (MEPH) and Collo (MEPC) regions. The chemical profile was characterised by GC-MS. The toxicity of the extracts was tested using brine shrimp model. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of ferulic acid (23.8%), pinostrobin chalcone (15.8%) and α-eudesmol (11.3%) as major compounds in MEPO, pinostrobin chalcone (22.2%), 9-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (E)- (17.4%), and γ-gurjunenepoxide-(2) (11.7%) were the most abundant components in MEPH, whereas MEPC was dominated by 1-heptatriacotanol (17.8%), pinostrobin chalcone (14.7%), totarol (13.7%) and 9-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (E)- (13.0%). The brine shrimp lethality test indicated that the extracts had moderate toxicity in which MEPC exhibited the highest activity with LC50 of 201.61 ± 7.27 µg/mL. All extracts showed no toxicity at 25 µg/mL concentration and below.

Control of aflatoxin M1 in skim milk by high voltage atmospheric cold plasma

Aim The study aims to evaluate the antibacterial properties of ethanolic extracts from Clitoria ternatea and Camellia sinensis against pathogens causing UTI, wound pathogens, and other clinical bacterial infections and their cytotoxic effects using the brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). Methods Ethanolic extracts of C. ternatea and C. sinensis were prepared, and their antibacterial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis using the well diffusion method. The cytotoxicity was assessed through the BSLA, determining the LC50 values for each extract. Results The formulation of both plant extracts exhibited significant antibacterial activity against UTI pathogens, and wound pathogen bacteria showed higher efficacy compared to other studies. The BSLA revealed a dose-dependent increase in toxicity, with C. ternatea extracts demonstrating higher cytotoxicity than C. sinensis. Conclusion The ethanolic extracts of C. ternatea and C. sinensis possess antibacterial properties against UTI-causing bacteria and show cytotoxic effects in a brine shrimp model. These findings suggest the potential of these plants for developing alternative treatments for UTI. However, further research is necessary to fully understand their safety and efficacy in human subjects.

Probiotics, Galacto-oligosaccharides, and zinc antagonize biological effects of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli on cultured cells and brine shrimp model

Parental training with phloroglucinol protects their offspring from biotic and abiotic stressors in Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Ixora coccinea and Rhododendron arboreum are known for their traditional medicinal uses due to their diverse phytochemicals and pharmacological effects, which have attracted the interest of many researchers. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects of their combined extracts. In vitro antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured using the ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), nitric oxide (NO), and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assays, while anti-inflammatory effects were assessed via the membrane stabilization method. Docking studies were performed to evaluate the interaction of phytochemicals - anthocyanins, quercetin, and ursolic acid, which are present in these plants - with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Standard protocols were used to evaluate embryotoxicity using the brine shrimp model and cytotoxicity using the zebrafish model, which is crucial for determining safe clinical dosages. The analysis revealed diverse bioactive compounds, including anthocyanins, quercetin, and ursolic acid. The formulation effectively inhibited ROS production at lower concentrations (inhibitory concentration 50%, or IC50 value ~2.8 µg/mL), indicating their potential for managing oxidative stress. Quercetin demonstrated the strongest interaction with all tested proteins, particularly NF-kB. Cytotoxicity and embryotoxicity assays revealed a dose-dependent effect (lethal concentration 50%, or LC50 value 82.4 µg/mL), with no adverse effects on developing embryos at the tested doses (5-80 µg/mL), suggesting the extracts are safe for clinical use, even during pregnancy. The combined extracts of I. coccinea and R. arboreum exhibit potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects without causing cytotoxic or embryotoxic effects, even at higher concentrations. This indicates their potential for safe clinical application in treating oxidative and inflammatory diseases.

Diospyros lotus roots are traditionally used in various diseases including its use in microbialinfections. We designed a study to identify chemical constituents of oil from D. lotus and its antimicrobial activities. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer(GC-MS) was used for chemical analyses. Results showed that oil contained saturated as well as unsaturated compounds. Oil was investigated for its antimicrobial properties. Oil showed moderate antibacterial activity against two gram positive and two gram negative bacterial strains however oil showed low activity against four fungal strains. Interestingly no cytotoxicity was observed in Brine shrimp model; these encouraging results indicate further yet extensive studies to explore therapeuticpotential in microbial infections.

Investigating the toxicity of malachite green and copper sulfate in brine shrimp: In-vivo and computational study

The primary aim of this investigation was to assess the cytotoxic effects of a novel dental floss formulation integrating rosemary and ginger extracts, incorporated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The study involved meticulous preparation of rosemary and ginger extracts through cold maceration and subsequent concentration using rotary evaporation. Concurrently, titanium dioxide nanoparticles were synthesized using a green synthesis approach. Subsequently, the formulated extracts were meticulously applied to dental floss utilising a precise spray-coating technique. The cytotoxicity assay was conducted using a brine shrimp lethality test, exposing varying concentrations of the coated dental floss extract exposed to brine shrimp larvae. Statistical analysis, including ANOVA and post-hoc tests, was performed to assess concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects. ANOVA revealed significant differences in mean survival rates among concentration groups (P < 0.05). Notably, Tukey’s HSD test showing significant differences between the control group and the 40 μg/mL and 80 μg/mL groups (p < 0.05), indicating pronounced cytotoxic effects at these concentrations compared to the control. The study demonstrated significant cytotoxic effects of the novel dental floss formulation, particularly at concentrations of 40 μg/mL and 80 μg/mL. Further research is crucial to optimize concentration levels and understand long-term effects, advancing the safety of oral hygiene products and periodontal health post-dental crown cementation.

A series of new N-(substituted)-5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine derivatives were synthesized under microwave irradiation and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity and in-silico (molecular docking studies) to recognize the hypothetical binding motif of the title compounds using VLifeMDS software. The binding mode of the title compounds has been proposed based on the docking studies. They have interesting pharmacophore that display a broad spectrum of biological activity. The 1,3,4-thiadiazole scaffold is an interesting building block that has been used to synthesize a variety of useful bioactive compounds. The present studies widen the scope of the brine shrimp model that may prove quite helpful as a preliminary screen to determine toxic properties. In Brine shrimp lethality bioassay, compounds produced dose dependent cytotoxicity effect to brine shrimp nauplii. Inflammation is a complex process, which is frequently associated with pain and involves occurrences such as the increase of vascular permeability, increase of protein denaturation, and membrane alteration. The pharmacological evaluation of 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives revealed that, among all the compounds screened compound code 3c were found to have promising anti-inflammatory activity.