Evaluation of Differences among Taste Qualities of Bread Wheat Varieties Grown in Hokkaido

This study was conducted to determine the reactions of some bread and durum wheat varieties against wheat seed gall nematode. In the varietal reaction experiment, widely grown in Turkey, 20-bread and 12-durum wheat varieties were used. Total infected grains and healthy grains for each variety were counted and recorded. A statistically significant difference at the level of 0.01 was found among the cultivars in terms of the number of infected grains (pieces / plant), the number of healthy grains (pieces / plant) and the rate of infected grains. Compared to the control, there was a 35.8% decrease in the number of healthy grains in infected plots due to the damage of wheat gall nematodes in wheat varieties. The number of infected grains and the highest rate of infected grains were obtained from a bread wheat variety from cv. Aldane. While different rates of infected grains were obtained from 23 of the varieties included in the experiment, infected grain formation did not occur in the other 9 varieties (durum wheat varieties; Mirzabey 2000, İmren, Şahinbey, Zühre, Yelken 2000, Altıntaş, and bread wheat varieties; Bağcı 2002, Konya 2002, Ahmetağa). According to the number and ratio of infected grains, durum varieties were more tolerant. As with many diseases and pests, using resistant or tolerant varieties is one of the most economical and environmentally friendly method to control wheat gall nematode.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important cereal crops in Ethiopia, however the yield of the crop is low mainly due to low soil fertility management, lack of using balanced fertilizer and lack of using improved wheat varieties. The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of varieties, fertilizer rate and their interaction on yield and yield components and to determine the economic feasibility of application of fertilizer for optimum yield of bread wheat varieties. The experiment was conducted in Jimma Arjo district with four levels of NPSB fertilizer rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha-1) and 64/20 NP and three bread wheat varieties (Ogolcho, Huluka and Hidase) combined factorially and laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The soils of the experimental area exhibited high sand (36%) but relatively low clay fractions (30%). Before sowing, the soils of the experimental site showed mean soil pH (H2O) value of 5.52, organic carbon content of 2.21%, total N (0.19%) available P (10.02%), organic matter content (3.80%), and available boron of 0.99 ppm.. The main effect of varieties and NPSB fertilizer application were significant for all parameters of bread wheat varieties except harvest index and only seed per spike and thousand seed weight were significant for interaction. The highest mean grain yield of 5801 kg ha-1 was obtained for Huluka bread wheat variety with applications of 150 kg NPSB ha-1 and 200 kg urea ha-1 fertilizers. The lowest 1599 kg ha-1grain yield was recorded from Hidase with no fertilizer. The highest net benefit ETB 154288 ha-1 with marginal rate of return of 3210% and value to cost ratio of ETB 66.19 per unit of investment for bread wheat production was obtained from application of 150 kg NPSB ha-1 and 200 kg Urea ha-1. In conclusion, application of 150 kg ha-1 NPSB enhanced bread wheat yield and, therefore, recommended for bread wheat production.

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is one of the most prevalent micronutrient deficiencies and is mostly brought on by a diet high in cereal grains with low Zn contents. In order to screen prominent bread (12 varieties) and durum (6 varieties) wheat varieties grown under Zn deficient (control) and sufficient (Zn @ 25 mg kg−1 as soil) condition and a pot experiment was conducted in the screen house of the Department of Soil Science, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. In the Zn deficient and sufficient soil, the highest yield was observed in HD-2967 (14.57 & 16.13 g/pot) and PWD-291 (8.68 & 11.70 g/pot) of bread and durum wheat, respectively. In Zn-deficient soil, the highest total protein content and Zn content in grain were observed in DBW-88 (8.17 & 26.50%) and PWD-291 (8.42 & 26.52%) of bread and durum wheat, respectively. All the bread wheat varieties were found to be semi tolerant, i.e. the percentage increase in yield was in the category of 10–25% except WH-52 and RAJ-3765 where increase in yield was more than 25%. The maximum increase in yield was found 28.91% in the WH-542 and the minimum increase (10.70%) in the HD-2967 wheat varieties. For durum wheat, two varieties (WH-912 &WHD-943) were found to be semi tolerant, i.e. the percentage increase in yield was in the category of 10–25%. In conclusion, it was determined that this study is helpful for creating methods for micronutrient biofortification using various wheat varieties in south-central Asia.

Purpose The North-western Himalayan region requires unique varietal traits for the cultivation and quality of grain produced. Wheat varieties released for this zone in the past remained very popular among the farmers. However, with the passage of time certain traits such as the appearance of pathogenic rust races and grain softness have become threat to the fecundity of these genotypes and needs immediate improvement in this region. Mutation breeding facilitates improving one or two traits of a popular cultivar and to generate variability for most of plant traits upon which selection can be imposed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the mutagenic sensitivity, effectiveness and efficiency of physical and chemical mutagens in four bread wheat varieties with differential grain texture. Materials and methods Four bread wheat varieties; HS 490, HPW 89, HPW 360 and HPW 251 were irradiated using six doses of gamma rays (γ-rays) ranging from 175 to 300 Gy; Co60 source (BARC, Mumbai, India) and six doses of ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) ranging from 0.3 to 1.3%; EMS (Sigma-Aldrich, Bangalore, India) to assess their mutation sensitivity, effectiveness, efficiency and spectrum of induced macro-mutations in M1 and M2 generation. Results Based on mutagen sensitivity tests, both gamma rays and ethyl methane sulfonate had similar effects as the doses/concentrations increased in all four varieties. Ethyl methane sulfonate had a discernible effect on seed germination and growth parameters as compared to gamma irradiated treatments. Pollens viability studies confirmed the differential effects of both mutagens on germination and plant survivability. The LD50 and LC50 values varied between 290–315 Gy for gamma rays and 0.90–1.35% for EMS under controlled laboratory conditions, however, the range substantially differs for gamma rays (240–290 Gy) and for EMS (0.50–1.1%) under field conditions, irrespective of the variety treated. The frequency of chlorophyll mutations was low and showed a linear correlation with the doses/concentrations of the mutagen. A total of 117 putative mutants with desirable agro-morphological characteristics were also isolated. Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency results showed that gamma irradiation doses of 250–300 Gy and ethyl methane sulfonate of 0.7–1.3% were most potent for an effective mutation breeding programme in wheat crop. Conclusions It was found that semi-hard textured varieties showed higher sensitivity to chemical mutagens as compared to soft-textured varieties. Gamma irradiation dose of 250–300 Gy and ethyl methane sulfonate concentration of 0.7–1.3% were found to be most effective and efficient across four bread wheat varieties and can be used in large scale mutagenesis programmes.

A set of 53 wheat genotypes were evaluated for different quality and longevity related traits at NBPGR, New Delhi, India. The selected genotypes included both durum and bread wheat varieties released in India between 1970 and 2014, and bread wheat germplasm lines for comparison. Bread wheat varieties were good repositories for sedimentation value (SV), whereas, durum varieties for kernel hardness (KH) and germplasm lines for grain iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and thousand kernel weight (TKW). Both vigor index-1 and 2 after controlled deterioration (VIACD-1 and VIACD-2) was highest for durum varieties followed by bread wheat germplasm lines and varieties. Therefore, seed longevity of durum varieties, bread wheat germplasm lines, and bread wheat varieties, respectively, was good, intermediate and poor. Broad-sense heritability was high for all the studied traits except germination percentage before controlled deterioration (GPBCD). Genetic advance as per cent mean (GAM) was high for all the studied traits, with the exception of moisture content (MC) and GPBCD. Six genotypes (IC 542394, IC 542391, IC 542416, IC 542431, IC 542426, and IC 542387) were good storers and also contained high Fe and Zn, which can be used in breeding programs to improve seed storability, and Fe and Zn content. Both intra species and inter species variability were observed for all the studied traits. The close association observed between Fe and Zn may help in improving both the traits simultaneously. Electrical conductivity (EC) of the seed leachates can be used as a surrogate trait for indirect selection for seed longevity of genotypes due to its significant negative association.

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the main food security crops in sub-Saharan Africa. The Ethiopian government is putting a great effort into increasing the production of bread wheat under various production systems to narrow the gap between demand and supply. There is no agronomic recommendation for wheat production produced under irrigation conditions. Thus, this study was initiated to identify the optimum seeding rates of different wheat varieties for the highest-yield and profitability in the lowland area of northwestern Ethiopia under irrigation conditions in 2020/2021. The experiment was laid out using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments are five levels of seeding rates (100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 kg ha-1) and three bread wheat varieties (Fentale-2, Kakaba and Ogelcho). Wheat yield and yield component data were statistically subjected to analysis of variance using SAS-JMP-16 software. Results revealed that the performance of wheat varieties in the lowland area of Jawi was promising irrespective of their yield differences. The study showed the highest number of total and effective tillers per unit area; and biomass and grain yield were recorded when varieties Fentale-2, Kakaba and Ogelcho were planted at a seed rate of 200 kg ha-1, 175 kg ha-1 and 200 kg ha-1, respectively.The same varieties gave a grain yield of 3.99 t ha-1, 3.47 t ha-1 and 3.44 t ha-1, respectively. On the other side, maximum net benefit and marginal rate of return were obtained when the variety Fentale-2 was planted at a seeding rate of 200 kg ha-1 (NB = 65,778.8 ETB ha-1 and MRR = 224 %) followed by the same variety at the seed rate 175 kg ha-1 (NB = 63,402.4 ETB ha-1 and MRR = 297 %). Thus, it can be concluded that planting variety Fentale-2 with 200 kg ha-1 seed rate under irrigation condition is the promising agronomic practice in lowland agro-ecology of Jawi area. However, further research is also recommended by considering the appropriate planting time and the irrigation water requirement.

Abdulateef, M.A., A.M.A. Almashhadany, S.I. Alobaidi and N.J. Mohammad. 2024. Effect of Recent Herbicides on Growth and Yield of Two Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties and Associated Weeds. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 42(4): 474-481. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-001268 The field study was carried out to evaluate the effect of herbicides on the weeds associated with the soft wheat crop (bread wheat) and wheat yield. Experiments were conducted in two sites, a farmer field in the Bashiqa area, northeast of Mosul, and the second in the field of the research station of the Field Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosel. The herbicides tested were Lancelot 450, Clodia 300 EC and Aciad 6 E and compared with an untreated control. In addition, two bread wheat varieties were investigated, Behoth 22 and Jehan. Experiments were conducted based on randomized complete block design, and results were statistically analyzed by the SAS program. The significance of means was determined by the Duncan’s multiple range test at P=0.05. The results obtained showed that there are significant differences between the varieties in most of the investigated traits (number of narrow weeds, the weight of narrow weeds, the number of wheat spikes, the weight of 1,000 seeds and total yield) in both study sites. The herbicides Clodia 300 EC and Lancelot 450 were significantly better than Aciad 6 E with a higher grain yield of 267.99 and 263.14 g/m2 , respectively, at the second site. As for the interaction between varieties and herbicides, the combined treatment of the Behoth 22 variety and the herbicide Lancelot 450 was the most effective in weed control, and gave the highest grain yield at both sites. Keywords: Herbicide, bread wheat, weeds, Triticum aestivum L.

Wheat stripe rust, which is caused by the basidiomycetes fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat in Türkiye and worldwide. In this study, a total of 99 bread wheat varieties were assessed at the adult plant stage under natural infection conditions during the 2021–2022 and 2022–2023 growing seasons. Additionally, specific molecular markers were used to genotype the stripe rust resistance genes Yr26, Yr32, Yr36, Yr44 and YrSP. Disease severity was determined using the modified Cobb scale and infection reactions of each bread wheat varieties were evaluated, and also coefficient of infection value was calculated based on those parameters. To determine whether the wheat varieties had resistance gene(s), specific molecular markers associated with the resistance genes Yr26, Yr32, Yr36, Yr44 and YrSP were used. In the field trials, the majority of the tested varieties showed moderately susceptible and susceptible reactions in both years. According to the molecular results, they were positive for Yr32 in three varieties, Yr36 in 25 varieties, YrSP in two varieties and none of them had Yr26. Furthermore, some varieties carried combinations of these genes, such as Yr32 + Yr36, Yr32 + Yr44, Yr36 + Yr44, Yr36 + YrSP, Yr32 + Yr36 + Yr44 and Yr32 + Yr36 + Yr44 + YrSP. On the other hand, it was not determined these resistance genes in 16 varieties. In the literature, these resistance genes were first identified in Turkish bread wheat varieties. In addition, these findings are valuable for the development of wheat cultivars with effective and more durable resistance to stripe rust in Türkiye.

Food security is a major challenge in developing countries, including Ethiopia, due to factors like population growth, limited food production, malnutrition, and environmental degradation. Improving wheat yields in Ethiopia is crucial, but affected by diseases and environmental stresses. To address this, continuous research is vital to develop wheat varieties that are not only highly productive but also resistant to diseases and well-adapted to the specific conditions in Ethiopia. The “Melka” variety, a high-yielding, disease-resistant bread wheat variety, was developed under multiple evaluation stages before officially released, registered, and commercialized. “Melka” is a new variety, was introduced from CIMMTY, and has a pedigree name MANKU/3/MUU/FRNCLN//FRANCOLIN #1 and selection history CMSS13B00894S-099M-099Y-28M-0WGY. “Melka” is a bread wheat variety aimed at highland areas with good agronomic characteristics and late-maturing type. “Melka”, was a recently released variety, exhibits a significant yield advantage over standard check, with an overall mean of 30.54% Boru, and local check, with an overall mean of 58.10% Danda'a. It was recorded a better thousand-kernel weight (39.90 g) than standard check Boru (37.6 g), and local check Danda’a (32.70 g) and 71.7 hl /kg. Likewise, the “Melka” variety had bold seeds than checks. It possessed a 6.12% and 10.33 % HLW advantage over the Boru and Danda’a varieties respectively. Beyond its exceptional yield, this variety's distinctive feature lies in its enriched nutritional profile, particularly its high content of iron (Fe) 33.5 ppm and zinc (Zn) 38.1 ppm, which surpasses that of other available varieties. The recently released '“Melka”' wheat variety is stable and adaptable for Ethiopian highland agro ecologies. It exceeded standard checks in grain yield and is more resistant to stem, yellow and leaf rust diseases.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease reduces wheat yield and quality. This study was aimed to evaluate wheat varieties' responses to spray inoculation with Fusarium graminearum mixture isolates under greenhouse conditions. The treatments were laid out in a randomized completely block design with three replications using 24 bread wheat varieties registered in Ethiopia. The varieties inoculated with mixed inoculum derived from four pathogenic isolates of F. graminearum that had been isolated from wheat kernels. Disease severity was evaluated using a 1–9 scale based on the proportion of bleached spikelets, and the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) was determined from the disease severity data. At harvest, the kernel weight reduction was determined in comparison to the control. The evaluated traits were significantly interrelated and showed high and significant variation among (p < 0.0001) wheat varieties. Disease severity index among the varieties varied from 29% to 72%, while AUDPC varied from 326%‐ to 1010%‐days. The disease progress rate of the Kingbird variety inoculated with F. graminearum was the slowest (0.0191 units day−1), whereas Ogolcho had the fastest disease progression rate (0.0581 units day−1). Kingbird, Wane, and Limu were moderately resistant, with lower disease severity, AUDPC, and a reduction in 1000‐grain weight and grain weight per spike. Dereselgne, Dambal, and Ogolcho varieties were highly susceptible, with the greatest grain weight per spike reduction (53.2%, 41.4%, and 37.4%) and 1000‐grain weight reduction (41.5%, 42.8%, and 37.5%), respectively. The results implied that there were different levels of FHB resistance in Ethiopian bread wheat varieties. Although current greenhouse evaluation of varieties gives encouraging results, field testing is required to confirm the current findings.

A laboratory experiment was conducted in Phytochemistry lab., Field Crop Science Department, College of Agriculture, University of Sulaimani during summer season of July to August, 2009. This factorial experiment conducted in a Randomized Complete Design with three replications, the factors are: the first was two species of wheat, Bread Wheat Triticum aestivum : Tammuz, Rabiaa, Rizgary, Sham-6 and Aras, and Durum Wheat Triticum durum: Acsad, Seminto, Crezo, Ovanto and Sham-3 and the second factors was five salt solutions 5000, 10000, 15000, 20000 and 25000 ppm. Various morpho-physiological parameter germination percentage, root length, shoot length, mean germination time were studied. From the results it was observed that Rabbia variety was the mostly drought tolerant among the other bread wheat varieties having significant effect of most germination attributes, Sham-3 variety gave maximum values of germination % and radicle length, while maximum coleoptile length, coefficient of velocity of germination% and minimum days required to germination recorded by Crezo variety. For both bread and durum wheat, the highest values of most germination attributed were obtained by treatment of control. Concerning the interaction between both of bread and durum wheat varieties and NaCl concentration, Tammuz variety with the treatment of control gave maximum values for most characters, while the interaction between Rabbia variety and 20000ppm NaCl recorded minimum days needed to germination. But regarding mean germination time character, interaction of Acsad, and Sham-3 with control treatment gave maximum value. In which all other values of germination attributes were 0.00 for 10000, 15000, 20000 and 25000ppm salt concentration, because all durum wheat varieties had not tolerant for drought condition.

Wheat (Triticum spp) is one the most important and strategic cereal crops in Ethiopia, because of its role in food security, import substitution and used as raw material for the agro-processing. Bread wheat is recently cultivated in the lowland irrigated areas of Ethiopia. Despite many improved bread wheat varieties have been released nationally for rainfed areas, the adaptability of these varieties were not identified. To overcome this challenge, adapatabilty evaluation of recently released bread wheat varieties were condudcted to confirm their environmental adaptation across four locations. Systematic growth, yield and yield components, and environmental data were collected and analyzed using standard agronomic and statistical methodologies. The combined analysis of variance indicated that the sixteen tested varieties differed significantly for all traits except for their numbers of kernesl per spike. Variety Boru (4823.5 and 4566.7 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>), Dursa (4352.9 and 3950 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) and Abay (4078.4 and 4433 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) stand out as the highest yielders at Werer and Arage respectively, indicating these varaieteis are best adapted and high yielding next to Ga’ambo-2 (chek) (4352.9 and 4388.3 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) in Afar region. Varaiety Biftu (3339.2 and 2965.2 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>), Dursa (2880.4 and 3122.6 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) and Deka (2779.4 and 3087.5 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) recorded higher gran yield at Jeju and Merti respectively, indicating these varieties were best performing in Oromia region. High combined mean grain yield was recorded from Boru and Dursa variety (3626.22 kgha<sup>-1</sup> and 3563.97 kgha<sup>-1</sup>) following the standard check variety “Gambo-2” (3781.89 kgha<sup>-1</sup>) suggesting Boru and Dursa could be used as a widely adapted durum wheat variety with high grain yield to enhance wheat cultivation in irrigated lowland of Ethipia. The lowest grain yield was recorded in variety Wane (3006.37 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) and Ardi (2368.87 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) suggesting, Wane and Ardi may be less adaptable and low yielder.

Performance evaluation and participatory varietal selection of improved bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties, the case of Debre Elias District, Northwestern Ethiopia

Wheat suffers significant yield losses due to stem rust disease caused by Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks and Henn. Molecular level assessment of existing Sr genes in improved and advanced wheat materials combined with phenotypic screening lays down the basis for effective varietal development against this production constraint. Therefore, this study was carried out: to detect stem rust resistance genes present in Ethiopian bread wheat and durum wheat varieties using molecular markers; and to determine their effectiveness for the virulent Ethiopian stem rust races including Ug99. Screening of 49 wheat varieties with 11 SSR markers linked to 11 Stem rust resistance genes resulted in the detection of 5 Stem rust resistance genes (<i>Sr22, Sr25, Sr24, Sr77</i> and <i>SrTA10187</i>) in a subset of 12 varieties. The detected number of genes ranged between 1 and 2 per genotype. Despite amplifying the expected fragment, the markers have also resulted in several off-target amplifications suggesting the need to develop other relatively stable markers specific to the target genes. Field resistance screening at Debre Zeit Research Center resulted in 20 varieties showing good resistance to stem rust of which 2 are durum wheat cultivars and the rest 18 are bread wheat varieties. Recent data in 2022, however, showed only 5 out of the 20 had a resistant reaction while the other even became susceptible. For instance, most of the mega bread wheat cultivars like Ogolcho also were defeated due to the newly emerging race TTKTT. Among the genes detected by molecular markers, only <i>SrTA10187</i> seems to be effective against the rust population in the field. Seedling resistances screening gave a range of proportion of Resistant (R) to Susceptible (S) variety varying from 12:36 for TTKTT; 40:8 for TKTTF; 39:9 for TTKSK and 44:4 for TTTTF. Eight varieties (Sulla, Galil, Huluka, Kingbird, Millenium, Obsa, Tate and Ilani) exhibited resistant reaction consistently across the four pathotypes. Nine varieties (Honqollo, Millenium, Kulkulu, Shorima, Hogana, Meraro, Ilani and Galil) identified as resistant at both seedling and Adult plant stage. The genes, <i>Sr22</i> in variety Oda and <i>Sr25</i> in variety Dinknesh appeared to be effective for TTKTT, TKTTF, TTKSK and TKTTF, TTKSK, TTTTF, respectively. The detected Stem rust resistance genes in the present study which are effective against the pathotyeps combined with the resistant varieties at seedling and adult plant stage can support the wheat breeding program towards improving the crop.

A field experiment was carried out in Baghdad governorate / Tarmiya district during the Agricultural Season 2018-2019 to study the effect of a number of Irrigations on some growth and yield Traits of three varieties of bread wheat (Triticum aestivium L.), Where Three levels of Irrigation were used (Three, Five, and Eight Irrigations). And three varieties of wheat are (Iraq, Adana 99 and Ibaa 99). The experiment was designed according to the (R.C.B.D) Randomized Complete Block Design with a Split-Plot system and with Three Replications, and the results showed that the interaction between variety Ibaa 99 and eight irrigations was superior in each of the characteristics of the number of days for the appearance of 75% of the spikes, the flag leaf area, the total number of tillers, the number of grains per spike, the weight of 1000 grains, and biological yield which amounted to Their arithmetic averages were (113.36 days, 47.26 cm2, 395.11 tiller.m2, 29.19 grains.spike-1, 44.01gm and 16700.00kg.ha-1), Respectively. The interaction between the variety Adana 99 excelled with eight Irrigations in the two characteristics of spike length and plant height, whose values were (13.41 cm and 96.12 cm), respectively.