Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of Allergy Explorer 2 method in children with bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis in the Kyrgyz Republic

Bronchial asthma (BA) and allergic rhinitis (AR) are thought to share a common pathogenesis. However, reports concerning the comorbidity of the two diseases in a large-scaled population are rare in Japan. In the present study, we performed an analysis on the two diseases using questionnaires that addressed the diagnosis, symptoms and period of occurrence in more than 10,000 patients with BA or AR. Patients with BA (adult: n = 2,781, childhood: n = 3,283) and AR (n = 3,945) were enrolled in the present study during the 3 months from August 1, 2006 to October 31, 2006. Sixty one percent of the patients with adult BA showed symptoms of AR. Among them, 68% of the patients were diagnosed with AR. Among the patients with childhood BA, 68% showed AR symptoms and 60% were diagnosed with AR. On the other hand, 49% of AR patients showed BA symptoms and 35% of them were diagnosed with BA. The symptoms of both BA and AR in the BA and AR patients were frequent in two seasons, March and April, and September and October. In addition, BA and AR symptoms often co-occurred in the patients with BA and AR. Comorbidity of BA and AR was high in both populations of BA and AR. The symptoms of both BA and AR co-occurred on both a daily and seasonal basis. These results suggested that BA and AR share a common immuno-pathogenesis in the airway and need to be treated as a single airway disease.

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a multifocal IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity reaction that affects sino-nasal mucosa and is characterized by excessive sneezing, watery rhinorrhea, nasal itching, nasal stuffiness and eyes itching. Bronchial asthma (BA) is one of the common childhood diseases that affects the respiratory system characterized by recurrent cough, wheezing, chest tightness and difficulty with breathing. The two conditions are different manifestations of allergic disease of the airway; the composition of the inflammatory substrate in the mucosa of allergic patients is similar to the late-phase allergic response seen elsewhere in the respiratory tract, such as in bronchial asthma. Aim: The aim was to compare the impacts of allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma on tympanometric parameters in children. Patients & Methods: This is a hospital based comparative cross-sectional study. Two groups of participants aged 4 - 12 years, one group with documented clinical diagnosis of allergic rhinitis and the other group with documented clinical diagnosis of bronchial asthma were consecutively selected from ear, nose and throat (ENT) and pediatrics cardiopulmonary outpatient clinics of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano respectively. Equal number of children aged 4 - 12 years with no history of ENT diseases or bronchial asthma that were selected from elementary schools within the same community served as a control group. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was filled out for all the participants, complete ENT and chest examinations were carried out and subsequently all the selected participants had tympanometry done, findings were recorded and analyzed. Results: The mean age of participants with bronchial asthma was found to be 7.5 ± 2.6 years while participants with allergic rhinitis had the mean age of 6.8 ± 2.1 years. The mean middle ear pressure (MEP) of participants with bronchial asthma was found to be -15.22 dapa and -40.32 dapa in those with allergic rhinitis. Acoustic reflex was found to be absent in 15.4% of the participants with bronchial asthma and 29.6% of allergic rhinitis participants. Type B tympanogram was found in 2.8% of bronchial asthma participants and 7.3% in participants with allergic rhinitis. Type C tympanogram was found in 4.6% of participants with bronchial asthma and 15.5% of participants with allergic rhinitis. Type A tympanogram was found in 90% of participants with bronchial asthma and 75% of participants with allergic rhinitis. The difference between type A, B and C tympanograms of participants with bronchial asthma and those with allergic rhinitis was found to be statistically significant (Type A χ2 = 14.62, df = 4, p value = 0.01, Type B χ2 = 14.06, df = 4, p value = 0.01, Type C χ2 = 17.01, df = 6, p value = 0.01). Conclusion: Participants with allergic rhinitis were found to have more abnormalities of tympanometric parameters compared to participants with bronchial asthma which signifies allergic rhinitis conferred an increased risk of having middle ear diseases and otitis media with effusion compared to bronchial asthma.

To obtain the prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) in different regions of northern China, to analyze the correlation and interaction between AR and bronchial asthma (BA) or atopic dermatitis (AD), and to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases such as AR. To obtain the indexes including age, occupation, atopic physical fitness, smoking, alcohol, lifestyle and so on. To explore the correlation between AR and BA or AD. From April 2007 to May 2010, the serum specific IgE (sIgE) was investigated in different regions (rural areas of Qingxian, Hebei; coastal fishing village of Bohai Bay, Huanghua; area of Wuling Mountain, Chengde; urban areas of Tianjin) by randomly multi-stage and cluster sampling, with total population of 1524. The prevalence of AR, BA and AD were 9.1%, 5.4% and 6.0%. The prevalence of BA and AD were 30.9% and 29.5% in AR patients, but were 2.9% and 3.7% in non-AR, and the differences were of statistical significance (χ(2) values were 192.97 and 148.40, respectively, all P < 0.01). The risk of people with BA suffering from AR was as 8.619 times as those free from BA, the risk of people with AD suffering from AR was as 1.817 times as those free from AD and, the risk of workers suffering from AR was as 2.320 times as farmers in terms of working factor by analysis of Logistic regression for AR and BA, AD, age, occupation, atopic physical fitness and other factors. The prevalence of AR are correlated with BA and AD. It is greater between BA and AR than AD and AR in the strength of correlation.

The aim of the trial was to study the prevalence and clinical and allergic characteristics of allergic rhinitis (AR) and bronchial asthma (BA) in urban preschool children. Materials and methods of research: a one-minute study was carried out on an urban sample of 3–6 year olds (n=3205), consisting of 2 stages – screening and clinical. The study of the prevalence of AR and BA symptoms at the screening stage was carried out by questioning parents using the ISAAC questionnaire. At the clinical stage, the diagnosis of AR and BA was verified based on the diagnostic criteria of the ARIA (2008 revision) and GINA (updated 2017) documents. At the clinical stage, skin prick testing with extracts of inhalation and food allergens from Allergopharma Joachim Ganzer KG (Germany) was carried out. Results: the prevalence of AR and BA among urban children 3–6 years of age was 10,6 and 5,7%, respectively. 80 (52,0%) children with AR and 42 (32,8%) children with BA have not previously been diagnosed in practical healthcare institutions. 107 (69,5%) children with AR and 76 (59,4%) children with BA had a mild severity of the disease, 4 (2,6%) children with AR and 2 (1,6%) children with BA had major severity. 80 (62,5%) of children with BA are diagnosed with a controlled course of the disease and 48 (37,5%) have a partially controlled/uncontrolled course of the disease. Most often, in children with AR and BA, sensitization to the D. pteronyssinus mite was recorded – 95 (61,%) and 68 (53,1%), birch pollen – 63 (40,9%) and 42 (32,8%) and cat allergens – 30 (19,5%) and 20 (15,6%), respectively. Conclusion: the prevalence of AR and BA among preschool children was 10,6 and 5,7%, respectively. More than half of children with AR and 1/3 of children with BA do not have a diagnosis established in practical health care institutions. Most often, in 3–6 years old children with AR and BA, sensitization to the D. pteronyssinus mite, birch pollen and cat allergens is recorded.

Purpose: Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is useful for the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis (AR) as well as bronchial asthma (BA). However, FeNO may differ according to race, age, and other determinants. There have been few studies about FeNO in Korean children with AR. The aims of this study were to evaluate the value of FeNO in AR and to compare FeNO, and determinants of FeNO levels between AR, BA, and combined AR and BA. Methods: This study included 647 children aged 5 to 17. The children were classified into 5 groups after performing the skin test, FeNO measurement, the pulmonary function test, and the methacholine challenge test: those with nonallergic rhinitis (NAR), those with AR, those with BA, and those with combined AR and BA, and healthy controls,. Results: The values of FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in one second) %predicted were 94.4%± 12.6%, 93.8%± 20.7%, 90.0%± 17.4% in AR, BA, and combined AR and BA, respectively. The values of FeNO in AR (32.3± 25.0 ppb), BA (31.1± 20.5 ppb), and combined AR and BA (34.5± 30.4 ppb) were significantly higher compared to those of NAR (16.8± 13.5 ppb) and controls (15.9± 12.5 ppb). There was no significant difference in FeNO among AR, BA, and combined AR and BA. FeNO was significantly higher in patients with ≥ 4 positive results (36.6± 29.2 ppb) than in those with < 4 positive skin test results (27.6± 20.7 ppb). When the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for prediction of AR showed 0.756 of area under the curve, the cutoff level of FeNO was 16 ppb. Conclusion: In this study, children with AR had increased levels of FeNO. It is suggested that AR may have eosinophilic bronchial inflammation without BHR or clinical asthma. (Allergy Asthma Respir Dis 2015;3:439-445)

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IntroductionNasal polyps are frequently associated with bronchial asthma and rhinitis. The chronic nature of the symptoms, the high post-treatment recurrence rates, as well as various comorbidities, constitute key factors that significantly affect the quality of life of patients diagnosed with this condition.AimThe purpose of the study was to estimate the prevalence of nasal polyps in the examined population and to assess the possible associative occurrence of nasal polyps (NP) with bronchial asthma (BA), allergic (AR) and non-allergic rhinitis (NAR), and atopic dermatitis (AD).Material and methodsThe ECRHS II and ISAAC questionnaires of the study group of 18,458 individuals, including 4,473 6–7-year-olds (24.2%), 4,675 13–14-year-olds (25.4%), and 9,310 20–44-year-olds (50.4%) were performed.ResultsThe prevalence of nasal polyps in the examined group was 1.1%, reported by a total of 204 individuals. Nasal polyps were reported more frequently among urban residents (191 (1.1%)) than rural residents (13 (0.6%)). Our study demonstrated a correlation between the presence of nasal polyps and asthma, as well as allergic and non-allergic rhinitis The greatest risk factor for NP in the evaluated subpopulation with multiple allergic conditions was the co-existence of non-allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis (OR = 6.09; 95% CI: 3.4–10.93).ConclusionsNasal polyps are relatively rare in the evaluated Polish population. Nonetheless, we believe their co-occurrence with non-allergic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, and atopic dermatitis to be of significant importance, as it illustrates the phenomenon of multimorbidity of inflammatory conditions affecting the upper and lower respiratory tract.

Asthma (AS) and allergic rhinitis (AR) are the two most common comorbidities for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (NP). This study aims to compare the different impacts of AS and AR on NP, including disease severity, inflammatory profiles, and surgical outcomes. The retrospective study enrolled NP patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery and 12 months follow-up. They were categorized into four groups based on the presence of AS and/or AR: NP with AS and AR (NP + AS+AR); NP with AS only (NP + AS); NP with AR only (NP + AR); NP without AS and AR (NP-alone). Preoperative and postoperative measures included Lund-Mackay (LM) score, TNSS, VAS, SNOT-22, and postoperative endoscopic score (E-score). Blood and tissue eosinophil (Eos) conditions and protein levels of inflammatory cytokines in NP tissue were measured. A total of 185 NP patients were included. Compared to NP-alone patients, NP + AS + AR and NP + AS had higher uncontrolled rates (p < 0.05). At baseline, NP + AS had higher SNOT-22, VAS of olfactory, LM scores, blood and tissue Eos count, and proportion of ECRS than NP-alone (p < 0.05). After surgery, NP + AS still had higher SNOT-22 and worse E-score than NP-alone (p < 0.05). In contrast, the NP + AR group only had worse VAS of olfactory than NP-alone before surgery (p < 0.05), but did not differ from NP-alone in other aspects mentioned above. After Multivariate Logistic regression analysis, AS was the risk factor for CRS uncontrol status and ECRS (p < 0.05). The uncontrolled status in NP patients is significantly affected by comorbid AS but not AR. Both AS and AR may also affect NP disease severity and the degree of eosinophilic inflammation, while the former may be significantly serious.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and maximum mid-expiratory flow (MMEF) for differentiating cough variant asthma (CVA) from chronic cough in patients with or without allergic rhinitis. Methods In total, 328 patients with chronic cough who underwent spirometry and FeNO testing were consecutively included in the retrospective analysis. Patients were divided into the CVA (n = 125) or NCVA (n = 203) groups according to the diagnostic criteria of CVA. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were established to assess the diagnostic efficiency and optimal cutoff points of FeNO and MMEF for the prediction of CVA. Results The optimal cutoff values of FeNO and MMEF to discriminate CVA from chronic cough were 24.5 ppb (AUC, 0.765; sensitivity, 69.60%; specificity 72.91%; PPV, 61.27%; NPV, 79.57%) and 66.2% (AUC, 0.771; sensitivity, 67.20%; specificity 78.33%; PPV, 65.63%; NPV, 79.50%). The optimal cutoff values of combining FeNO with MMEF to discriminate CVA from chronic cough were >22 ppb for FeNO and <62.6% for MMEF (AUC, 0.877). In patients with and without allergic rhinitis, the optimal cutoff point of FeNO to discriminate CVA from chronic cough was 24.5 ppb (AUC, 0.820) and 33.5 ppb (AUC, 0.707), respectively. Conclusions FeNO and MMEF might have greater value as negative parameters for differentiating CVA from chronic cough. Combining FeNO and MMEF provided a significantly better prediction than either alone. The diagnostic accuracy of FeNO for predicting CVA in chronic cough patients with allergic rhinitis was higher than in chronic cough patients without allergic rhinitis.

Objective To investigate the effect on preventing exacerbation of airway allergy inflammation by inhaled corticosteroid with a spacer through nose and mouth combined with oral montelukast,in order to prevent transformation from allergic rhinitis (AR) to cough variant asthma (CVA) and bronchial asthma (BA).Methods 232 cases of AR were randomly divided into control group (114 cases) and observation group (118 cases).Control group was treated by oral loratadine (Wt ＜ 30 kg,5 mg once daily; Wt ≥ 30 kg,10mg once daily).Observation group was administered by inhaled fluticasone propionate with 125 μ g twice daily and oral montelukast (1-5 yrs,4 mg once daily; 6-14 yrs,5 mg once daily) on basis of control group.When patients' symptoms were controlled,dose of fluticasone propionate was reduced to once daily.Fluticasone was inhaled with a spacer,patients were required to close their mouth and to breathe for 1 minute through their nose if they were able to cooperate.Course of treatment was 3 months in both groups.After treatment,patients were followed up at least once a month for 3 years.If patients' symptoms weren' t controlled or didn' t recur,treatment above would be continued for another 3 months.The unhealed and recurrent rates of AR,incidence of CVA and BA were compared between two groups half a year,1 year,2 years and 3years after treatment.If patients were diagnosed with BA,they would be treated by routine therapy of BA.If patients corresponded to diagnostic criteria of CVA.they would be randomly divided into control group and observation group again.Observation group would continue to he treated by above-mentioned therapy for half a year,while control group was treated by antitussives,expectorants and antibiotics.Patients were followed up every 1-2 weeks when their symptoms weren't controlled,then they were followed up once a month when their symptoms were controlled.Follow-up lasted for 3 years.The unhealed and recurrent rates of CVA,incidence of BA were compared between two groups half a year,1 year,2 years and 3 years after treatment.Results Half a year,1 year,2 years and 3 years after treatment,the unhealed and recurrent rates of AR in control group and observation group were 52％,60％,71％,80％ and 14.15％,16.38％,18.87％,25.47％respectively (P ＜ 0.001),the incidences of CVA in control group and observation group were 40％,48％,57％,71％ and 15.09％,16.98％,20.75％,23.73％ respectively (P ＜ 0.001),the incidences of BA in control group and observation group were 30％,39％,47％,53％ and 11.32％,13.21％,16.04％,18.87％ respectively (P ≤ 0.001).In patients with CVA,the unhealed and recurrent rates in control group and observation group were 45％,55％,62.5％,75％ and 17.5％,25％,30％,37.5％ respectively (P ＜ 0.01),incidences of BA in control group and observation group were 35％,45％,60％,70％ and 10％,12.5％,15％,17.5％ respectively (P ＜ 0.01).As the time of follow-up extended,above-mentioned rates in control group had increased more obviously than those in observation group.Conclusions Repetitions of AR and CVA were prevented,and transformation from AR to CVA and BA was also prevented by inhaled corticosteroid combined with oral montelukast,which could stop airway allergy inflammation from worsening. Key words: Inhalant corticosteroid; Montelukast; Airway allergy inflammation; Children

Актуальность. На сегодняшний день аллергические заболевания респираторного тракта, в частности бронхиальная астма и аллергический ринит, у детей являются актуальной медико-социальной проблемой, ассоциированной с высоким риском инвалидизации, существенным снижением качества жизни пациентов и их семей, а также значительной финансовой нагрузкой на пациентов и государство. Бронхиальная астма и аллергический ринит часто сосуществуют, обременяя течение друг друга. Дети, больные респираторными аллергическими заболеваниями, являются особенно уязвимыми к развитию острой респираторной вирусной инфекции (ОРВИ), а респираторные вирусы, в свою очередь, играют важную роль в патогенезе бронхиальной астмы и аллергического ринита, способствуя развитию заболеваний и выступая триггерами их обострений. Одной из возможных причин склонности к частым ОРВИ у детей с аллергической патологией дыхательной системы может быть недостаточность неспецифических факторов мукозального иммунитета респираторного тракта — эндогенных катионоактивных амфифильных антимикробных пептидов, в частности кателицидина (LL-37) и человеческих дефензинов. По данным ряда исследований, эти антимикробные пептиды проявляют противовирусное, антимикробное и иммуномодулирующее действие. При этом данных о состоянии продукции антимикробных пептидов и их влиянии на респираторную заболеваемость у детей с аллергическими заболеваниями в современной литературе недостаточно. В то же время в ряде литературных источников описано положительное влияние отдельных пробиотических штаммов, в частности Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, на общую резистентность к респираторной вирусной инфекции и профилактику атопических заболеваний. Целью нашей работы стало изучение уровней антимикробных пептидов (человеческого β-дефензина 2 (HbD-2) и LL-37) в секрете слизистых оболочек верхних дыхательных путей у детей с бронхиальной астмой и аллергическим ринитом, выяснение их роли в защите от респираторной вирусной инфекции у данного контингента больных и оценка эффективности применения пробиотического препарата, содержащего Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, с целью профилактики ОРВИ и снижения частоты вирус-индуцированных обострений аллергической патологии. Материалы и методы. Нами было проведено клинико-лабораторное обследование 76 детей в возрасте от 7 до 17 лет, из которых у 24 был диагностирован аллергический ринит, у 28 детей — бронхиальная астма, а у 24 — бронхиальная астма и аллергический ринит. Группу контроля составили 20 клинически здоровых детей соответствующего возраста и пола. Кроме общепринятых клинических, методы исследования включали анализ паттернов респираторной заболеваемости, определение уровней антимикробных пептидов LL-37, HbD-2 в секрете верхних дыхательных путей методами иммуноферментного и статистического анализа. Результаты. Установлено, что дети с аллергическими заболеваниями респираторного тракта характеризуются большей частотой ОРВИ (на 30 %) с более частым вовлечением в воспалительный процесс нижних дыхательных путей (на 72 %), что обусловливает более длительную продолжительность заболеваний (на 95 %) по сравнению со здоровыми детьми. У детей с аллергическим ринитом и бронхиальной астмой обнаружено существенное снижение уровней антимикробных пептидов в секрете верхних дыхательных путей по сравнению с группой контроля. На уровни антимикробных пептидов в секрете верхних дыхательных путей в наибольшей степени негативно влияет степень активности аллергического воспаления, сопровождающегося отсутствием контроля симптомов, а положительно — прием препаратов базисной терапии и отсутствие симптомов. Вместе с тем даже при наличии полного контроля симптомов аллергических заболеваний, то есть при минимальном уровне аллергического воспаления в дыхательных путях, уровни антимикробных пептидов были достоверно ниже, чем у детей контрольной группы. Установлено, что существует обратная связь между уровнями антимикробных пептидов и частотой и продолжительностью ОРВИ у детей с аллергическими заболеваниями, которая в наибольшей степени выражена при бронхиальной астме. Выводы. Прием пробиотического препарата, содержащего штамм Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, в течение 1 месяца дополнительно к базисной терапии аллергического ринита и бронхиальной астмы способствовал достоверному повышению уровней HbD-2 (в среднем на 27 %) и LL-37 (в среднем на 60 %) в секрете верхних дыхательных путей, что сопровождалось снижением частоты ОРВИ в среднем на 26 % (в том числе и эпизодов с привлечением нижних дыхательных путей), уменьшением средней продолжительности ОРВИ на 22 % в течение следующего года и снижением вирус-индуцированных обострений на 25,7 %.

Allergic rhinitis represents a global health problem. It is a common disease worldwide affecting about 10-50% of the population and its prevalence is increasing. Although allergic rhinitis is not a fatal disease, it alters the social life of patients, affecting learning performance and work productivity. Moreover, the costs incurred by allergic rhinitis are substantial. In recent years allergic rhinitis has been recognized to be an important risk factor for asthma. The concept of "One Airway, One Disease" was highlighted in the 'Allergic rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma 'guidelines and has arisen as a result of the now well-established link between the upper and lower airways. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma by determining the incidence of bronchial asthma in patients of allergic rhinitis and the incidence of allergic rhinitis in patients of bronchial asthma. 83 diagnosed cases each of allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma were recruited from patients attending Otorhinolaryngology and pulmonary department of the institute. All patients were subjected to detail ENT and pulmonary examination and investigated for nasal and bronchial allergy. In the allergic group, which consisted of 83 diagnosed patients of allergic rhinitis, 49 (59.03%) were diagnosed to have bronchial asthma, whereas in the bronchial asthma group, which consisted of 83 diagnosed patients of bronchial asthma 61 (78.20%) were diagnosed to have comorbid allergic rhinitis. It was observed that patients with allergic rhinitis were likely to develop bronchial asthma, and patients of allergic rhinitis should be evaluated for bronchial asthma, for early detection and treatment of the co morbid condition.

Objective To observe the coexistence of allergic rhinitis (AR) in asthmatic children at different ages and to explore the correlation between the severity of asthma and AR. Methods This study was carried in asthmatic children aged 2-14 years.The questionnaire for asthma and AR was completed.All of the children underwent specific IgE (sIgE) to test common inhalant allergens.The classification and severity of asthma and AR were evaluated according to guidelines, respectively. Results Of 414 asthmatic children, 218 patients (52.7%) presented with AR.The proportion of asthmatic children with AR less than 6 years old (34.6%, 54/156 cases) was significantly lower than those aged 6-<12 years (62.4%, 123/197 cases) and 12-14 years (67.2%, 41/61 cases) (χ2=33.1, P<0.01). A positive correlation was found between the severity of asthma and AR in children aged 6-<12 years old(r=0.401, P=0.000) and 12-14 years old (r=0.516, P=0.001). However, there was no correlation between the severity of asthma and AR in children less than 6 years old(r=0.242, P=0.078). In 218 asthmatic children with AR, the positive rate of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der.p) was the highest (65.6%, 143/218 cases), followed by Dermatophagoides farinae (Der.f) (64.7%, 141/218 cases), Blomia tropicalis (19.7%, 43/218 cases) and Blattella Germanica (14.7%, 32/218 cases). Conclusions The proportion of asthmatic children less than 6 years old suffering from AR is lower than the children more than 6 years old.There is a positive correlation between the severity of asthma and AR in children aged 6-14 years.Der.P and Der.f are the main inhalant allergens of asthmatic children with AR in Guangzhou area. Key words: Asthma; Allergic rhinitis; Child

It has been shown that adhesive molecules are involved in inflammatory diseases of the lungs such as bronchial asthma. The purpose of the study was to measure and establish possible difference in serum levels of soluble ICAM-1 in 42 atopic patients (patients with allergic rhinitis and patients with bronchial asthma) in comparison with 28 patients without atopy (patients with asthma without rhinitis); whether there is a difference in sICAM-1 levels between groups of 26 patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma in comparison with group of 16 patients with allergic rhinitis only and also in comparison with 10 healthy controls. Results of the study have substantiated statistically significant difference in sICAM-1 levels between all groups of patients in comparison to healthy control, but no statistically significant difference in sICAM-1 levels between patients with and without atopy (Z=-1.738) or between patients with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma in comparison with group of patients with allergic rhinitis only (Z=0.00). ICAM-1 is an important marker of inflammation in patients with allergic rhinitis as well as in those with bronchial asthma. Atopic status does not influence differences in sICAM-1 levels. Although mean sICAM-1 levels were higher in patients with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma (312.71 ng/mL) in comparison with mean sICAM-1 levels in patients with allergic rhinitis only (279.69 ng/mL), no statistically significant difference was noted in sICAM-1 levels between these groups of subjects, i.e. asthma itself did not contribute to statistically significant increase of sICAM-1 levels.

Objective To investigate the correlation between allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma in children. Methods Fifty children with allergic rhinitis complicated with bronchial asthma who were followed up in Clinic of Foshan Women and Children’s Hospital from May 2015 to May 2017 were selected as experimental group; 50 children only with allergic rhinitis in the same period were selected as control group A; 50 children only with bronchial asthma in the same period were selected as control group B. Serum total IgE, serum allergen types and specific IgE (sIgE) were detected by allergen screening, and levels of total IgE and sIgE were compared among the three groups. Results ①The positive rate of serum sIgE in experimental group and control group B was significantly higher than that in control group A (P 0.05). Conclusions Pediatric allergic rhinitis and most bronchial asthma in children belong to IgE-mediated type I allergic reaction. The main inhaled allergens in Foshan area are mites, house dust, mold, cat hair dander and dog hair dander. Mite is the most important inhaled allergen in this area. Early prevention and treatment should be implemented in clinical for children with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Key words: Pediatric allergic rhinitis; Bronchial asthma; Correlation