Evaluation of antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract and its fractions from the Mediterranean sponge

The fact that conventional and newly emerging treatment procedures like chemotherapy, catalytic therapy, photodynamic therapy, and radiotherapy have not succeeded in reversing the outcome of many cancers alternative treatment options has been explored. This study documents the identification of component(s) from the Mediterranean sponge, Spongia officinalis that have anti‐inflammatory and antiproliferative activities. In the present study we investigated the efficacy of a crude extract and its semi‐purified fractions (F1–F3) of the defensive secretion from Spongia officinalis for in vivo anti‐inflammatory activity using the carrageenan‐induced paw edema assay in rats and their in vitro antiproliferative effects against three human cancer cell lines (A549, lung cell carcinoma; HCT15, colon cell carcinoma; and MCF7, breast adenocarcinoma). Among the series, the crude extract exhibited interesting anti‐inflammatory activity associated with significant growth and concentration‐related colony inhibitory effects against the three cell lines. The fractions F2 and F3 showed, respectively, interesting anti‐inflammatory and antiproliferative activities in a dose‐dependent manner. The purification and the determination of chemical structures of compounds of these active fractions are under investigation. Drug Dev Res 71: 412–418, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Aim: M. elengi L. (Sapotaceae) has been used for rheumatism and pain. However the floral part of this plant is not scientifically explored yet for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. The present study is an endeavor to evaluate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts of flower and leaves (MFE and MLE) of Mimusops elengi. Study Design: Assessment of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Methodology: Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in albino species of rats by using carrageenan induced paw edema, where as in vitro antioxidant activity was also performed by DPPH radical and nitric oxide scavenging method. Results: The anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of M. elengi (MFE, MLE) against carrageenan induced paw edema in albino rats at a dose of (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) showed that the extracts have significant (P <0.01; P< 0.001) effect on inflammation and markedly reduced the swelling. At a concentration of 20 μg/mL, 40 μg/mL, 60 μg/mL, 80 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL (MFE, MLE) extracts, scavenged of DPPH radical. While in nitric oxide scavenging assay, various concentrations of the extracts (10, 25, 50, 100 and 150 mg/mL) of M. elengi showed percentage inhibition in a dose dependent manner. These activities showed by the extracts of M. elengi due to the frequent occurrence of rich phenolic compounds such as, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, terpenoids and saponins. Conclusion: In the light of research it seems close correlation between the powerful antioxidant and significant anti-inflammatory activities of the MFE and MLE.

The study was conducted to determine the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of Andographis paniculata (APE) in albino rats. Acute oral LD50 of APE in female rats was more than 2000 mg/kg. The antipyretic activity was studied by inducing pyrexia with Brewer's yeast. A total number of thirty albino rats (200 g) were used for the study of anti-pyretic activity they were divided into five groups of six rats in each group. Group I served as control Normal saline and Group II were given brewer's yeast alone (20 ml/kg), Group III was administered standard drug Aspirin @ 100 mg/kg body wt. while groups IV and V were treated with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of Andrographis paniculata extract respectively. Pyrexia was induced by subcutaneously injecting 20% w/v brewer's suspension in below the nape of the neck of the animals. The anti-inflammatory activity of APE was assessed by measuring the reduction in carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats. A twenty four albino rats (200 g) were used for the study of anti-inflammatory activity. Four groups were divided with six rats in each group. Group I served as control Normal saline solution and Group II was administered standard drug phenylbutazone @ 100 mg/kg While, groups III and IV were treated with 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg of APE respectively. APE (@ 400 mg/kg had significant antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity against reduced brewer's yeast induced pyrexia and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema in rats suggesting potent antipyretic effect of APE. From these results it may be concluded that crude methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata have significant antipyretic activity and anti-inflammatory activity that might be due to combined effect of active constituents present in plant extract this strongly support the ethno pharmacological use of the plant for the management of fever and inflammation.

Cycloarta-23-ene-3beta,25-diol a pentacyclic steroid from Euphorbia spinidens, as COX inhibitor with molecular docking, and in vivo study of its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in male swiss mice and wistar rats

Objectives : To provide the information of preservation method for herbal decoction, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects according to preservation temperature and period of Pyungwi-san (PWS, Ping wei-san) decoction. Methods : The anti-inflammatory activity of PWS was investigated by carrageenin-induced paw edema in SD rats. At 0 month, PWS extract was administrated 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day orally for seven days prior to induction of edema. Edema was induced by subcutaneous injection of 1% carrageenin into the right hind paw. The paw volume was measured at 4 hr following carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats. At 6 and 12 months, PWS extracts according to preservation temperatures (room temperature, and ) were administrated in rats and then carrageenin-induced paw edema volume was measured. Results : PWS showed inhibitory effect on carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats and the optimal dose was 1000 mg/kg/day at 0 month of storage. At 6 month of storage, PWS storaged at and were inhibited paw edema but that storaged at room temperature was not reduced paw edema in rats. Conclusions : These results suggest that PWS decoction pouch has anti-inflammatory activities at both and during 6 month storage.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory response of berberine-loaded gum nanocomplexes in carrageenan-induced acute paw edema in rats.

BackgroundPlants provide an alternative source to manage various human disorders due to diverse metabolites. Euphorbia dracunculoides of family Euphorbiaceae is used by local practitioners in rheumatism, epilepsy, edema, snake bite, warts and also possesses diuretic and purgative effects. The present study evaluated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of various extracts of E. dracunculoides. Further, phytochemical constituents of the leading extracts were also investigated.MethodsDry powder of E. dracunculoides was extracted with n-hexane (EDH), acetone (EDA), ethanol (EDE), ethanol + water (1:1) (EDEW) and methanol (EDM) and screened for phytochemical classes, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC). Antioxidant effects of the extracts were manifested by in vitro multidimensional assays. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the extracts were evaluated through carrageenan induced paw edema and hot plate test in rat. In addition, GC-MS analysis of EDH and HPLC-DAD analysis of EDEW was carried out to determine the presence of active constituents.ResultsQualitative analysis of various extracts of E. dracunculoides assured the existence of tannins and coumarins while presence of anthraquinones and anthocyanins was not traced in these extracts. Maximum quantity of TPC and TFC was recorded in EDEW followed by EDE. EDEW and EDE showed significant antioxidant activities with therapeutic potential against hydroxyl and phosphomolybdate radicals, β-carotene bleaching assay and in reducing of iron while moderate to low scavenging abilities were recorded for DPPH, nitric oxide and for iron chelation. During anti-inflammatory activity after 4 h of drug administration the 300 mg/kg body weight dose of EDH (68.660 ± 10.502 %) and EDE (51.384 ± 8.623 %) exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity and reduced the carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat as compared to standard drug diclofenac sodium (78.823 ± 6.395 %). Treatment of rats with EDH (70.206 ± 5.445 %) and EDE (56.508 ± 6.363 %) after 90 min showed significant increase in percent latency time in hot plate test as compared to morphine (63.632 ± 5.449 %) treatment in rat. GC-MS analysis of EDH indicated the presence of 30 compounds predominantly of steroids and terpenoids. HPLC-DAD analysis against known standards established the presence of rutin, catechin, caffeic acid and myricetin in EDEW.ConclusionOur results suggest that presence of various polyphenolics, terpenoids and steroids render E. dracunculoides with therapeutic potential for oxidative stress and inflammation related disorders.

Since antiquity, Alstonia scholaris commonly known as devil's tree or blackboard tree has been used for the treatment of many human ailments. The plant is used in Ayurvedic, Unani and Sidhha/Tamil types of alternative medicinal systems. Literature suggests that Alstonia scholaris is useful in treating malaria, abdominal disorders, dyspepsia, leprosy, skin diseases, tumors, chronic and foul ulcers, asthma, bronchitis etc. In order to validate these ethno-botanical practices the anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extracts and various bioactive guided fractions of leaf of Saptparn (Alstonia scholaris, Apocyanaceae) tested. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts and its various fractions were evaluated using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method for the determination of acute phase of inflammation. Indomethacin used as reference drug. The result of pharmacological studies (anti-inflammatory) indicated the methanolic extract (200 mg/kg) significantly inhibited carrageenan induced rat paw edema in comparison to the inhibition of edema by standard drug Indomethacin (10mg/kg). Maximum inhibition of rat paw edema was observed with methanolic extract of plant (400 mg/kg) at the end of 4th hour when compared to control group. The chloroform fraction (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) possess statistically significant anti-inflammatory activity. Maximum inhibition of rat paw edema was observed with chloroform fraction at 100 mg/kg at the end of 5th hour when compared to control group.

Boerhavia procumbens is traditionally used in the treatment of various disorders including jaundice and gonorrhea, is a refrigerant, and exhibits anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the phytochemical classes, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract (BPME) and different fractions (n-hexane (BPHE), ethyl acetate (BPEE), n-butanol (BPBE), and residual aqueous fraction (BPAE)) of B. procumbens against carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. To assess the anti-inflammatory effects of B. procumbens, 42 Sprague Dawley male rats (150-200 g) were randomly divided into seven groups. Group I received distilled water and group II was treated with diclofenac potassium (10 mg/kg) body weight (bw) orally. Groups III, IV, V, VI, and VII were administered BPME, BPHE, BPEE, BPBE, and BPAE (200 mg/kg bw) orally, 1 h before the treatment with carrageenan (10 mg/kg bw) in rats. Anti-inflammatory effects of B. procumbens were determined by estimating the inhibition of edema at 1st, 2nd, and 3rd hour after carrageenan injection. Qualitative analysis of methanol extract indicated the composition of diverse classes, namely, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phlobatannins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, terpenoids, and anthraquinones. Quantitative determination illustrated that BPBE and BPEE possessed the highest concentration of total phenolic (60.45 ± 2.1 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram sample) and total flavonoid content (68.05 ± 2.3 mg rutin equivalent per gram sample), respectively. A dose-dependent response for antioxidant activity was exhibited by all the samples. The sample with the highest aptitude for antioxidant activity was the BPBE for 2,2-azobis,3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid radical scavenging and total antioxidant capacity. Carrageenan-induced paw edema was significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited by BPBE and BPME at the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd hour and was comparable to control drug diclofenac potassium. Results revealed that various fractions of B. procumbens manifested the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential and accredit the local use of B. procumbens in various disorders.

This work investigates the anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extracts of four endemic Stachys. (Labiatae) taxa from the Balkans: S. beckeana. Dörfler & Hayek, S. anisochila. Vis. et Pančić, S. plumosa. Griseb., and S. alpina. L. subsp. dinarica. Murb. As a model of acute inflammation, carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats was used. Extracts, applied at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg p.o., exhibited dose-dependent activity. S. beckeana. and S. anisochila. extracts were the most active ones (ED50 154.52 and 162.24 mg/kg, respectively), with the activity comparable with indomethacin at doses of 2 and 4 mg/kg. S. plumosa. extract has shown less-pronounced anti-inflammatory effect (ED50 220.81 mg/kg). Extract of S. alpina. subsp. dinarica. had the lowest efficiency, attenuating inflammation less than 50%.

BACKGROUND:Ziziphus jujuba belongs to family Rhamnaceae widely distributed in subtropical and tropical countries. It is used traditionally for several pharmacological purposes including anti-inflammation, antidiarrhoeal and antibacterial, as well as tonic and sometimes as hypnotic (sedative).AIM:To determine the in vivo antidiarrhoeal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of Z. jujuba fruit ethanolic extract.METHOD:The fruit was macerated and extracted by 95% (v/v) ethanol. The antidiarrhoeal activity was evaluated using castor oil and Escherichia coli induced diarrhoea mouse model. The antidiarrhoeal and antibacterial activity was investigated at graded doses (400-1200 mg/kg). The anti-inflammatory effects were tested using the carrageenan-induced paw oedema in female Wistar rats. Rat’s treatment groups received tragacanth, 100 mg/kg diclofenac sodium, 800 mg/kg, 1200 mg/kg or 1600 mg/kg of an ethanolic extract of Z. jujuba (EEZJ). All treatment groups were fed with the compounds one hour before carrageenan injection at of rat’s paw. Also, the EEZJ was further analysed by HPLC-PDA system for identification of the presence of betulinic acid and quercetin.RESULTS:EEZJ different doses did not show inhibitory activity against castor oil induced diarrhoea except for the higher (1200 mg/kg) dose. However, the frequency of defecation of stools and watery stool were reduced significantly when compared to control group (P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01 respectively), resulted in overall 67% inhibition of diarrhoea. Our anti-inflammatory results demonstrated that EEZJ was able to inhibit the carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats to a significant degree (p ≤ 0.05) and the paw volume and thickness of both left and right paw were affected compared to the negative control group.CONCLUSION:EEZJ possesses antidiarrhoeal and antibacterial activity in a dose depending manner and may provide a pharmacological basis for its clinical use in diarrheal diseases. The activity may partially be due to the presence of betulinic acid and quercetin.

Purpose: To evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti‐arthritic effects of the methanol extract of Tamus communis roots.&#x0D; Methods: The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using Folin–Ciocalteu’s reagent and aluminium chloride assays, respectively while the antioxidant capacity was determined using DPPH and β-carotene/linoleate tests. For anti-inflammatory activity, carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat was used. Formaldehyde-induced paw edema and adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats were used to evaluate the anti-arthritic effect of the extract.&#x0D; Results: The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of T. communis showed 55.2 ± 0.036 mg GAE/g dry weight and 1.191 ± 0.002 mg QEq/g dry weight, respectively while the antioxidant activity (DPPH) showed a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 of 0.128 ± 0.011 mg/mL. Using βcarotene/linoleate assay, the extract showed 88.13 ± 4.03 % inhibition. In carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat, all doses of T. communis did not show inhibition of edema. In contrast, formaldehyde induced paw edema decreased at the dose of 150 mg/kg days 2 and 4. However, doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg did not show any activity. In adjuvant-induced arthritis, all used doses caused no reduction in arthritic scores and in paw thickness except a significant decrease with the dose 150 mg/kg at the last day.&#x0D; Conclusion: T. communis extract exhibits high antioxidant activity related to the phenolic compound contents. However, the results of the anti-inflammatory and anti‐arthritic studies did not support its use in folk medicine in the treatment of rheumatic ailment except on low doses

The aim of this study was to assess the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous&nbsp;and methanol extracts of Nitraria retusa against carrageenan induced paw edema in rats. The&nbsp;extracts were studied for antioxidant activity using Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl assay. Male&nbsp;Wister rats were divided into six groups including positive and negative controls. Group 1 (normal saline) as negative control, group 2 (150 mg/kg acetylsalicylic acid) as positive control, group 3 (100 mg/kg methanolic extract), group 4 (200 mg/kg methanolic extract), group 5 (100 mg/kg aqueous extract), group 6 (200 mg/kg aqueous extract). The results showed that aqueous and methanolic extract at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly decrease paw edema (P˂0.05). Also, the results revealed that methanol extract at 200 mg/kg is more effective in inhibiting paw edema (P˂0.005) than other doses and is equal to efficacy of acetylsalicylic acid. This finding indicated that N. retusa has an anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan induced paw edema in rats. DPPH assay showed that methanol extract of N. retusa has high antioxidant activity (958.2±178.3 µg/mL) compared to aqueous extract (1249.3±233.5 µg/mL). In conclusion, N. retusa fruit extracts have an antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan induced paw edema.&nbsp

Objectives：To quantitate the main compounds and investigate the biological activity of Sosiho-tang (Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang, SST), simultaneous determination of baicalin and glycyrrhizin, and anti-inflammatory activity were estimated. Methods：A quantitative analysis was performed using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Reference compounds were separated on a reversed-phase column using gradient elution with water and acetonitrile each containing acetic acid at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. And the productions of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PG)E2 were examined by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells in the presence of the SST. The anti-inflammatory activity of SST was investigated by carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats. The paw volume was measured at 2 and 4 hr following carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats. Results：The correlation coefficients of the compounds showed good linearity (r 2 >0.9992) over the linear range. The precisions of intra- and inter-day were less than 7.0% of relative standard deviation (RSD) values for baicalin and less than 3.5% of RDS valuse for glycyrrhizin. Recovery rates were within the range of 95.41– 101.5%. The contents of baicalin and glycyrrhizin in SST were average 70.52, 6.18 mg/g, respectively. And SST exhibited inhibitory effect on NO production in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells but not on PGE2 production. Oral administration of SST (1 g/kg) showed a reduction in carrageenin-induced paw edema on rats. Conclusions：The analytical method was applied successfully to measure the contents of baicalin and glycyrrhizin in SST which exhibited anti-inflammatory activities.

Th e anti-infl ammatory and analgesic eff ect of ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca were evaluated in experimental animals. We have determined the anti-infl ammatory and analgesic activity of ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts of dried aerial parts of Balanites aegyptiaca by oral administration at doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg/day of body weight to healthy animals. Th e extracts were studied for their anti-infl ammatory activity in carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats and the paw volume was measured plethysmometrically at 0 and 3h after injection. Th e ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts were also evaluated for analgesic activity using Eddy’s hot plate method and tail-fl ick method in albino rats. Th e ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca, signifi cantly (P<0.05) reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and analgesic activity evidenced by increase in the reaction time by Eddy’s hot plate method and tail-fl ick method in albino mice. Th e ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts showed a greater anti-infl ammatory and analgesic eff ect comparative to the standard drugs, indomethacin and diclofenac sodium respectively. Th e present results indicated the ethanolic extract of Balanites aegyptiaca exhibited more signifi cant activity than petroleum ether in the treatment of pain and infl ammation. Key words: Balanites aegyptiaca, indomethacin, infl ammation, pain, paw edema