Abstract
Extracts made from grapefruit (Citrus x paradisi Macfad.) seed are recognized for strong bactericidal and fungicidal properties. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is an emerging issue, and therefore isolation and characterization of novel antimicrobials of natural origin represent the real challenge for investigators worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of three commercial GSE (Grapefruit Seed Extract) products against six bacterial and one fungal strain, through the agar well diffusion method, determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). Obtained results indicate strong antimicrobial effects of investigated extracts, with different microbial susceptibility, including the multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. The highest inhibitory potential is conducted for Citrofit®, while CitroBiotic® has shown the weakest effect. These results are in concordance with the obtained MIC and MBC values. It could be concluded that frequent use of commercial GSEs is justified due to their powerful antimicrobial activity. These findings are promising in terms of utilization of natural products as novel antimicrobial agents.
Highlights
Antimicrobial resistance is recognized as one of the leading global health problems of 21st century by all major regulatory, economic and political bodies
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of three commercial Grapefruit seed extract (GSE) (Grapefruit Seed Extract) products against six bacterial and one fungal strain, through the agar well diffusion method, determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC)
NutriBiotic® performed balanced antibacterial activity, with the greatest zones on P. aeruginosa (25.30±1.52), followed by slightly different inhibition of multidrug-resistant ESBL producing E. coli (25.00±1.00), MRSA, E. faecalis, S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (24.60±0.57), and B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii (22.60±1.52). Both Citrofit® and NutriBiotic® have shown significantly higher antibacterial and antifungal activity compared to the CitroBiotic® (Tab 1)
Summary
Antimicrobial resistance is recognized as one of the leading global health problems of 21st century by all major regulatory, economic and political bodies. Grapefruit seed extract (GSE) is commercial product derived from the seed and pulp of grapefruit (Han et al, 2015), and mainly represent 33% water-glycerol solution widely used as naturopathic remedy, food supplement, disinfectant and preservative in food and cosmetic industry (Cvetnić & Vladimir-Knežević, 2004). Commercially available GSEs contain some artificial agents such as benzethonium chloride, triclosan and methyl paraben, but investigation of antimicrobial potential of fully natural grapefruit seed extracts has showed that antimicrobial activity could not be attributed only to the synthetic preservative agents (Cvetnić & Vladimir-Knežević, 2004). The aim of this study was in vitro examination of antimicrobial activity of three different commercially produced GSEs, and determination of the sensitivity degree of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi on tested extracts
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