Abstract
Objective This study investigates the antibacterial effect of essential oil extracted from the gum of Pistacia atlantica Kurdica against Porphyromonas gingivalis and histological evaluation of an experimental gel of the extract in wound healing in the back subcutaneous tissue of Wistar rats. Methods Clinical strains of bacteria obtained from subgingival plaque samples of individuals having periodontitis, isolation, and confirmation were done by conventional microbiological tests and molecular technique. Essential oil was extracted by using hydrodistillation method; antibacterial activity has been determined by two fold serial dilution method. Histological evaluation conducted on fifteen Wistar rats. Incisions were made on the dorsal surface of each animal for implanting of 3 polysilicone tubes (empty, tetracycline gel, and the experimental gel). After 1, 4, and 8 weeks, the animals were euthanized and the specimens were prepared histologically. Result The extract demonstrated antimicrobial effect and significant wound healing in the different study durations particularly our product showed progression in epidermal wound healing and decrease in cellularity and scoring of inflammatory cells. Conclusion The extract was able to pose inhibitory and bactericidal activity against P. gingivalis and the experimental gel was able to have a good wound healing that enable it to be considered as a compatible material.
Highlights
Pistacia is a genus of Anacardiaceae family, of about 11 or more species, which are shrubs or trees
The P. gingivalis used in this study to determine the MIC and MBC of the extract was clinically isolated from subgingival plaque from the deepest periodontal pockets, the bacteria identification done by colony morphology in which the colony appeared on the plate after 48 hours as small, round, opaque, and convex with black pigmentation developed after one week as shown in Figure 2 after doing gram staining, biochemical identification by VITEK 2 (ANC kit from biomeriex) probability 97%, and bacterial identification confirmed by PCR technique and sequencing, which was 100% similar with ATCC 33277 strain
While in Pistacia atlantica Kurdica gum oil treated group the demarcation line was completely clear, and the wound more progressed in healing if compared to the control and tetracycline groups, the fibrin net was rich in PMNs
Summary
Pistacia is a genus of Anacardiaceae family, of about 11 or more species, which are shrubs or trees. Atlantica) naturally occur, Pistacia atlantica Kurdica is the wildest species widely distributed, from southern-west Asia to northern-west Africa [1]. Kurdica trees are widely distributed in the Zagros Mountains; West and North of Iran, East and North of Iraq, South of Turkey, and North of Syria [2]. Essential oils are fragrant volatile substances biosynthesized by several parts of plants, which is commonly used for many years for combating pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses [5]. The terpenoids and some hydrocarbons that found in essential oils are responsible for their antimicrobial effect [6]. Pistacia species have caught the interest of researchers due to studies on different parts of this plant such as the leaves, kernels, hulls, and gum demonstrating various biological benefits such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory potential [8]. It has been proven that Pistachio species are a rich source of phenolic compounds and they have been considered a source of high antioxidant activity [9]
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