Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of leaf extracts of Skimmia anquetilia

Natural remedies are more acceptable in the belief that they are safer with fewer side effects than the synthetic ones. Herbal formulations have growing demand in the world market. Solanum xanthocarpum herb is highly used by the rural and tribal people in curing various disorders. The aim of the current investigation is evaluation of anti inflammatory activity of solanum xanthocarpum extract and Alpinia officinarum. In-vitro anti-inflammatory study performed by percentage inhibition of Human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method. Four different concentration of extract 1mg/ml, 2 mg/ml, 4 mg/ml and 6 mg/ml were used for each extract. Among which ethanolic extract of S. xanthocarpum at concentration 6 mg/ml showed 50.1 % protection of HRBC in hypotonic solution and A. officinarum extract at concentration 6 mg/ml showed 56.89 while combination of extract (1:1 ratio) at concentration 6 mg/ml showed 67.89 % protection of HRBC in hypotonic solution. All the results were compared with standard indomethacin which showed 70.0 % protection at concentration 2.5 mg/ml Keyword: Natural remedies, anti-inflammatory, Human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization, hypotonic solution.

BackgroundThe various parts of Cresecentia cujete have some important biological activities. In folklore medicine leaves are used to treat hematomas, tumors and hypertension. Fruit decoction is used to treat diarrhea, stomachaches, cold, bronchitis, cough, asthma, and urethritis. The present study was designed to explore the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial potential of C. cujete leaves and stem bark. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by in vitro human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method and antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method.MethodsIn vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method while in vitro antibacterial activity was evaluated using cultures of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by disc diffusion method. Total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) of the crude extract and fractions were also determined by Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent and by aluminium chloride method, respectively.ResultsThe crude ethanol extract (CEE) of leaves and bark (concentration of each 1.0 mg/ml) demonstrated strong membrane stabilizing activity (53.86 and 61.85 % protection, respectively), whereas their chloroform fractions (CHF) revealed moderate activity (48.74 ± 0.56 and 43.55 ± 6.20 %, respectively) compared with standard aspirin (concentration 0.10 mg/ml) which showed 75.81 % protection in this test. All the samples showed a dose dependent anti-inflammatory activity in HRBC membrane stabilization test. Total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) of the crude extract and fractions were also determined. Again, in in vitro antibacterial study, the extractives exhibited potent antibacterial activity.ConclusionResults from this study showed that the leaves and bark of C. cujete possessed anti-inflammatory as well as antibacterial activities indicating that the plant extract has therapeutic potential against the bacterial infection and also have effect on disease processes by causing destabilization of biological membranes.

Background: Inflammation is a protective physiological response to tissue injury that can be caused by harmful stimuli. If the inflammatory process is prolonged and cannot restore to homeostatic conditions, this may lead to pathological effects that can damage cells and cause various diseases. Elephantopus scaber is a plant that can easily be found in Indonesia. Elephantopus scaber is a type of plant that is often used as a traditional medicines. Several studies have shown that the compound bioactive content contained in plants has enormous potential as alternative medicine. Objective: This present study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Elephantopus scabe leaves. Methods: The Elephantopus scaber leaves were extracted using ethanol solvent into different concentration (50 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, and 120 mg/mL). Diclofenac sodium was used as the standard. Anti-inflammatory assays were performed by the human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method and heat-induced hemolysis method. Phytochemical screening that used in the present study was a conventional method. Results: Phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. In the present study, ethanolic extract of Elephantopus scaber leaves has anti inflammatory activity by protecting the stability of red blood cell membrane. The highest protection capability possessed by the ethanolic extract of Elephantopus scaber leaves in both human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method and heatinduced hemolysis method was at a concentration of 100 mg/mL. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of Elephantophus scaber has antiinflammatory activities by in vitro assays.

In India, a wide variety of medicinal plants are reported and utilized by people for the treatment of various diseases for a long time. The present study deals with quantitative analysis of phytochemicals like total phenols, tannins, and flavonoids as well as in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum L. The values of total phenols, tannins, and flavonoids were found to be 5.02±0.06 µg Gallic acid equivalent/mg, 7.80±0.05 µg Gallic acid equivalent/mg, and 6.00±0.06 µg quercetin equivalent/mg alcoholic extract respectively. The antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) assay. The highest antioxidant activity of plant extract was observed at 60 µg/ml and maximum inhibition was recorded at 55.12%. The IC50 value of plant extract was found to be 24.81 µg/ml. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity was measured by the human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method. The hypo tonicity-induced HRBC were exposed to different concentrations of ethanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum L. and HRBC membrane lysis and membrane stabilization percentages were calculated against diclofenac sodium. The ethanolic extract exhibited significant HRBC membrane stabilization compared to diclofenac sodium; 98±0.57% membrane stabilization was observed at a dose of 1000 µg/ml.

Plants have been widely adopted as an alternative medicine for different diseases. Recent studies show that various parts of Theobroma cacao have been used to treat some diseases or disorders. For example, individuals in rural areas have been using the exocarp of T. cacao as an alternative medicine for furuncle. However, there was no scientific study that was conducted related to this. Several studies about cocoa beans have shown antimalarial, antioxidant, anti-cough, anti-influenza, anti-diabetic, and anti-hypertensive activities. However, there was no study about the fruit exocarp cacao. This study investigated the phytochemical composition, antibacterial potential, and anti-inflammatory activity of the fruit exocarp of Theobroma cacao. The different activities were done using the standard methods with some slight modifications. Antibacterial activity was done using the disc diffusion method and Human Red Blood Cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method for anti-inflammatory activity. Results of the study have shown no antibacterial activity for the plant extract; however, the plant exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. The 500 ?g/ml concentration of cacao extract shows a lower percentage of hemolysis and a higher percentage of protection of the Human Red Blood Cell membrane. The observed anti- inflammatory activity shows to be dose-dependent of the extract in that the higher the concentration used, the lower the number of hemolysis and the higher the number of protections that occurs. Phytochemical screening of the exocarp of T. cacao has shown the highest content of flavonoids, tannins, and steroids. Further studies on the antioxidant activity may be conducted, for this activity is the most studied one attributed to flavonoids. Keywords : alternative medicines, disc diffusion method, furuncle, HRBC membrane stabilization method, phytochemical composition

The anti-inflammatory activities of different extracts of leaves Symplocos cochinchinensis Lour ssp laurina (Symplococaceae) were investigated for i n vitro anti-inflammatory activity by human red blood cell membrane stabilization method. The methanol extract showed effective in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was screened for in vivo antiinflammatory activity by carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat model. The potency of the extracts was compared with standard diclofenac (50 mg/kg). The methanol extract showed significant membrane stabilizing action on human red blood cell membrane and reduction of edema in carrageenan induced rat paw edema model.

Membrane stabilization – A possible mechanism of action for the anti-inflammatory activity of a Bangladeshi medicinal plant: Erioglossum rubiginosum (Bara Harina)

Herbal drugs have a great significance in the field of therapeutics. In this work we have selected three herbal drugs i.e.; Embelia ribes, Cinnamomum verum and Zingiber officinale which have proven anti-inflammatory property individually, now our study focuses on the synergistic effect of the above three drugs by in-vitro Anti-inflammatory studies. Preliminary phytochemical screening has been performed primarily and followed by the evaluation for the proposed activity. The main action of anti-inflammatory agents is the inhibition of Cyclooxygenase enzymes which are responsible for the conversion of Arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. Since human red blood cell (HRBC) membranes are similar to these lysosomal membrane components, the prevention of hypotonicity induced HRBC membrane lysis was taken as a measure in estimating the anti-inflammatory property of extracts of Embelia ribes, Cinnamomum verum and Zingiber officinale. Thus, Human red blood cell membrane stabilization (HRBC method) has been used as a method in estimating the anti-inflammatory property. The present study aimed to authenticate that traditional information by in vitro anti-inflammatory screening.

Medicines derived from plant extracts are being increasingly utilized to treat a variety of diseases, though relatively little knowledge about their activity is available. Based on survey, herbs used for the study has well established histories of human use for the treatment of arthritic conditions. The present research paper highlights the invitro anti-inflammatory activity of Eulophia ochreata Lindl, Zingiber cassumunar Roxb and its 1:1 blend of both the extracts. The test extracts of varying concentrations were incubated with egg albumin under controlled experimental conditions and subjected to determination of absorbance to assess the anti-inflammatory property. The results obtained exhibited a concentration- dependent inhibition of protein denaturation by both extracts, including the 1:1 blend of the extracts. Membrane stabilization activity was evaluated using the human red blood cells(HRBC) membrane stabilization method as HRBC membranes are similar to lysosomal membrane components. The prevention of HRBC membrane lysis was taken as a measure of anti-inflammatory activity of test extracts including the 1:1 blend of the extracts. A standard anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac, was used as reference drug. From the present findings it can be concluded that both Eulophia ochreata Lindl and Zingiber cassumunar Roxb and its 1: 1 bend of extract possessed marked anti-inflammatory effect .Thus 1:1 bend of extract being more effective. Hence, there is urgent need to utilize ancient knowledge of herbal plants and its synergistic activity to bring its maximum potential in the field of medical and pharmaceutical sciences in novel herbal drug development which will economically benefited for common man.

Aim: The ethanolic, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of Nymphoides hydrophylla at the doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg were administered for the evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities (both in vitro and in vivo). Materials and Methods: Analgesic activity was evaluated by acetic acid-induced writhing, tailflick method, and Eddy’s hot plate method in albino rats. Paracetamol and tramadol were used as a standard reference drugs for analgesic activity. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by Human red blood cell membrane stabilization method and protein denaturation method. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan-induced paw edema in albino rats. Diclofenac sodium was employed as reference drugs for antiinflammatory studies. Results and Discussion: The administration of ethanolic, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of N. hydrophylla in rats with 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) reduced pain and inflammation, indicating that ethanolic extract possesses better analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities compared to other two extracts. The maximum analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities were observed in rats receiving 500 mg/kg b.wt. of N. hydrophylla ethanolic extract. Conclusion: Our study indicates that N. hydrophylla extracts possess both antiinflammatory and analgesic activities and it may be useful as an anti-inflammatory agent in inflammation-related disorders.

Aims: To investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethyl acetate extract of Moringa oleifera flowers.
 Place and Duration of Study: The research work was carried out at Research laboratory, Department of chemistry, Periyar E.V.R College, Trichy-23, between April 2017 and January 2018.
 Methodology: Extraction and fractionation were carried out from the solvents of ethanol, benzene, petroleum ether, diethyl ether and ethyl acetate. The anti-inflammatory effect of the extract was investigated by HRBC membrane stabilization and Albumin denaturation methods. Anti-oxidant effect of the extract was determined by DPPH assay and ABTS method.
 Results: The dry sample extracted from the ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa oleifera flowers possess highly anti-oxidant activity showed by the DPPH assay and ABTS method and also having anti-inflammatory activity is determined by human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization and Albumin denaturation methods. However, these effects need to be confirmed using in vivo models and clinical trials before its utilization as a therapeutic agent.
 Conclusion: The present study was concluded that the dry sample of ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa oleifera flowers possesses effective anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Morinda lucida Benth (Rubiaceae) is a versatile plant used in traditional medicine for the treatment of a variety of ailments and the claims of its efficacy are particularly remarkable in the treatment of infections and immuno-inflammatory disorders. This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory properties of methanolic stem bark extract and fractions of M. lucida and also identifies the phytochemicals responsible for its anti-inflammatory activity. The crude extract was subjected to liquid- liquid partitioning successively with n- hexane, ethylacetate, butanol and water. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the four fractions and Vacuum Liquid Chromatography fraction (VLC) of the promising fraction was evaluated. The effect of the fractions on egg albumen induced rat paw oedema were also evaluated. Anti-inflammatory activity of the fractions was further screened using xylene induce ear oedema models and human red blood cell membrane stabilization test. Ulcerogenic test on the normal stomach mucosa was also evaluated. The result of the egg albumen induced rat paw oedema showed that the butanol fractions maximally inhibited egg albumen induced effect at 400 mg/kg (70%) and 200mg/kg (67.5%) after 180 minutes compared to the positive control, ibuprofen (20mg/kg) with 100% inhibition after 180 minutes. The result of the xylene induced ear oedema showed that the inhibition produced by 100 µg/ear of the Butanol fraction (BF) was 56.67 % and was greater than inhibition produced by 200 µg/ear of ibuprofen (38.89 %). HPLC analysis of the fractions revealed the following phytocompounds; Cytreo- a-pyrone, Cytosporin- J and Waol A. Ulcerogenic test was negative at the doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of the fractions when compare with the indomethacin (positive control) at dose of 50 mg/kg. Human red blood cell membrane stabilization assay showed that BF-VLC 2 (Dichloromethane: methanol (8:2) VLC of Butanol fraction) exhibited concentration dependent inhibition of heat-induced haemolysis while other extract showed a non- concentration dependent inhibition of haemolysis when compared to the standard, ibuprofen. These findings suggest that the stem bark of M. lucida possess promising anti-inflammatory phytocompounds which justify its use in ethno-medicine.

Inflammation is the body’s reaction to the presence of infection, irritation or foreign substances as part of the body’s defense mechanisms. Public interest in treatment with natural medicines is increasing. One of the medicinal plants that can be used for anti-inflammatory treatment is the peel of the Ambon banana (Musa paradisiaca L.). This study employed the red blood cell membrane stabilization method which is widely used in research as a biochemical parameter for in vitro testing of anti-inflammatory activity. This was an experimental study that aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of the peel extract of the Ambon banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) using the red blood cell membrane stabilization method. The percentage level of hemolysis that occurred when the extract was added indicated that the tested extract had anti-inflammatory properties. The stability of the red blood cell membrane of the peel extract with a concentration of 125 ppm was 1.09%, and was 12.40% with a concentration of 250 ppm, 17.36% with a concentration of 500 ppm, and 42.79% with a concentration of 1000 ppm. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the peel of the Ambon banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) has potential as an anti-inflammatory agent. Keywords: anti-inflammatory, banana peel, red blood cell membrane

Ixora coccinea Linn. (Rubiaceae) has mentioned in Ayurveda as Paranti and traditionally stems used in inflammatory diseases like sprains, eczema, contusions and boils. Present study deals with evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of extracts of I.coccinea stem. Anti-inflammatory activity was studied in vivo by carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat and in vitro by human red blood cell membrane stabilization method. Total tannin and flavonoid content of extracts was determined by using the Folin- Ciocalteu method and aluminum chloride method, respectively. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by in vitro assay involving nitric oxide scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, 2,2- diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, and ion chelating activity. Chloroform extract showed significant reduction in carrageenan induced rat paw edema (p<0.05) and protection of HRBC in hypotonic solution. Methanol extract contain more total tannin and flavonoid content as compared with petroleum ether and chloroform extract. All extracts showed concentration dependant free radical scavenging activity. Methanol extract and chloroform extract have shown better antioxidant activity and due to this antioxidant nature might be responsible for its anti-inflammatory activity. These activity supports to use of I.coccinea extract in traditional used in treatment of various inflammatory disaeses.

Successive extracts of root and stem of Sesbania sesban were investigated for in-vitro and in-vivo anti-inflammatory potential employing human red blood cell membrane stabilization and rats paw edema methods respectively. Currently much interest is being paid in the search of medicinal plants with potent anti-inflammatory activity which may lead to the discovery of new therapeutic entity. The plant based agents are not only used to suppress the inflammation but also used in different disease conditions where the inflammation responses are amplifying the disease process. The potency of the successive extracts of root and stem of Sesbania sesban were compared with standard diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg/b.w.). The n-butanol, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts showed the most significant (p&lt;0.01) whereas chloroform and total alkaloidal extracts showed modereate anti-inflammatory effects on membrane stabilizing action on human red blood cell membrane and inhibition of rats paw edema methods.