Evaluation of Anti Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Activity of Extract of Cucumis Sativus in Rats

Ixora coccinea Linn. (Rubiaceae) has mentioned in Ayurveda as Paranti and traditionally stems used in inflammatory diseases like sprains, eczema, contusions and boils. Present study deals with evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of extracts of I.coccinea stem. Anti-inflammatory activity was studied in vivo by carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat and in vitro by human red blood cell membrane stabilization method. Total tannin and flavonoid content of extracts was determined by using the Folin- Ciocalteu method and aluminum chloride method, respectively. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by in vitro assay involving nitric oxide scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, 2,2- diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, and ion chelating activity. Chloroform extract showed significant reduction in carrageenan induced rat paw edema (p<0.05) and protection of HRBC in hypotonic solution. Methanol extract contain more total tannin and flavonoid content as compared with petroleum ether and chloroform extract. All extracts showed concentration dependant free radical scavenging activity. Methanol extract and chloroform extract have shown better antioxidant activity and due to this antioxidant nature might be responsible for its anti-inflammatory activity. These activity supports to use of I.coccinea extract in traditional used in treatment of various inflammatory disaeses.

Natural remedies are more acceptable in the belief that they are safer with fewer side effects than the synthetic ones. Herbal formulations have growing demand in the world market. Solanum xanthocarpum herb is highly used by the rural and tribal people in curing various disorders. The aim of the current investigation is evaluation of anti inflammatory activity of solanum xanthocarpum extract and Alpinia officinarum. In-vitro anti-inflammatory study performed by percentage inhibition of Human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method. Four different concentration of extract 1mg/ml, 2 mg/ml, 4 mg/ml and 6 mg/ml were used for each extract. Among which ethanolic extract of S. xanthocarpum at concentration 6 mg/ml showed 50.1 % protection of HRBC in hypotonic solution and A. officinarum extract at concentration 6 mg/ml showed 56.89 while combination of extract (1:1 ratio) at concentration 6 mg/ml showed 67.89 % protection of HRBC in hypotonic solution. All the results were compared with standard indomethacin which showed 70.0 % protection at concentration 2.5 mg/ml Keyword: Natural remedies, anti-inflammatory, Human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization, hypotonic solution.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of leaf extracts of Skimmia anquetilia

Aim: The ethanolic, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of Nymphoides hydrophylla at the doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg were administered for the evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities (both in vitro and in vivo). Materials and Methods: Analgesic activity was evaluated by acetic acid-induced writhing, tailflick method, and Eddy’s hot plate method in albino rats. Paracetamol and tramadol were used as a standard reference drugs for analgesic activity. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by Human red blood cell membrane stabilization method and protein denaturation method. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan-induced paw edema in albino rats. Diclofenac sodium was employed as reference drugs for antiinflammatory studies. Results and Discussion: The administration of ethanolic, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of N. hydrophylla in rats with 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) reduced pain and inflammation, indicating that ethanolic extract possesses better analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities compared to other two extracts. The maximum analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities were observed in rats receiving 500 mg/kg b.wt. of N. hydrophylla ethanolic extract. Conclusion: Our study indicates that N. hydrophylla extracts possess both antiinflammatory and analgesic activities and it may be useful as an anti-inflammatory agent in inflammation-related disorders.

Morinda lucida Benth (Rubiaceae) is a versatile plant used in traditional medicine for the treatment of a variety of ailments and the claims of its efficacy are particularly remarkable in the treatment of infections and immuno-inflammatory disorders. This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory properties of methanolic stem bark extract and fractions of M. lucida and also identifies the phytochemicals responsible for its anti-inflammatory activity. The crude extract was subjected to liquid- liquid partitioning successively with n- hexane, ethylacetate, butanol and water. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the four fractions and Vacuum Liquid Chromatography fraction (VLC) of the promising fraction was evaluated. The effect of the fractions on egg albumen induced rat paw oedema were also evaluated. Anti-inflammatory activity of the fractions was further screened using xylene induce ear oedema models and human red blood cell membrane stabilization test. Ulcerogenic test on the normal stomach mucosa was also evaluated. The result of the egg albumen induced rat paw oedema showed that the butanol fractions maximally inhibited egg albumen induced effect at 400 mg/kg (70%) and 200mg/kg (67.5%) after 180 minutes compared to the positive control, ibuprofen (20mg/kg) with 100% inhibition after 180 minutes. The result of the xylene induced ear oedema showed that the inhibition produced by 100 µg/ear of the Butanol fraction (BF) was 56.67 % and was greater than inhibition produced by 200 µg/ear of ibuprofen (38.89 %). HPLC analysis of the fractions revealed the following phytocompounds; Cytreo- a-pyrone, Cytosporin- J and Waol A. Ulcerogenic test was negative at the doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of the fractions when compare with the indomethacin (positive control) at dose of 50 mg/kg. Human red blood cell membrane stabilization assay showed that BF-VLC 2 (Dichloromethane: methanol (8:2) VLC of Butanol fraction) exhibited concentration dependent inhibition of heat-induced haemolysis while other extract showed a non- concentration dependent inhibition of haemolysis when compared to the standard, ibuprofen. These findings suggest that the stem bark of M. lucida possess promising anti-inflammatory phytocompounds which justify its use in ethno-medicine.

BackgroundThe various parts of Cresecentia cujete have some important biological activities. In folklore medicine leaves are used to treat hematomas, tumors and hypertension. Fruit decoction is used to treat diarrhea, stomachaches, cold, bronchitis, cough, asthma, and urethritis. The present study was designed to explore the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial potential of C. cujete leaves and stem bark. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by in vitro human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method and antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method.MethodsIn vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method while in vitro antibacterial activity was evaluated using cultures of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by disc diffusion method. Total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) of the crude extract and fractions were also determined by Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent and by aluminium chloride method, respectively.ResultsThe crude ethanol extract (CEE) of leaves and bark (concentration of each 1.0 mg/ml) demonstrated strong membrane stabilizing activity (53.86 and 61.85 % protection, respectively), whereas their chloroform fractions (CHF) revealed moderate activity (48.74 ± 0.56 and 43.55 ± 6.20 %, respectively) compared with standard aspirin (concentration 0.10 mg/ml) which showed 75.81 % protection in this test. All the samples showed a dose dependent anti-inflammatory activity in HRBC membrane stabilization test. Total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) of the crude extract and fractions were also determined. Again, in in vitro antibacterial study, the extractives exhibited potent antibacterial activity.ConclusionResults from this study showed that the leaves and bark of C. cujete possessed anti-inflammatory as well as antibacterial activities indicating that the plant extract has therapeutic potential against the bacterial infection and also have effect on disease processes by causing destabilization of biological membranes.

Aims: To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of Picralima nitida stem bark methanol extract (PNSBE).&#x0D; Study Design: The study was carried out using in vivo (carrageenan-induced paw oedema and egg albumin-induced paw oedema) and in vitro (Human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization assay) models in rat.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria from March to July, 2020.&#x0D; Methodology: The extract was used at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg while diclofenac (20 mg/kg) was used as the standard reference drug for the in vivo study (carrageenan-induced paw oedema and egg albumin). For the in vitro study (red blood cell haemolysis), the extract was used at the concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 µg/ml while diclofenac 250 µg/ml was used.&#x0D; Results: In the carrageenan-induced paw oedema model, the extract at the doses used and the reference drug significantly (p &lt; 0.05) reduced the paw edema in the rats at 1 hour in a dose dependent manner. Also, in the egg albumin model, the paw oedema of treated rats was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) reduced by PNSBE dose dependently reducing the mean rat paw oedema from 0.99 ± 0.12 to 0.61 ± 0.06 at the first hour. There was also a concentration dependent inhibition of red blood cell haemolysis by the extract in the HRBC membrane stabilization assay.&#x0D; Conclusion: Picralma nitida demonstrated a significant anti-inflammatory activity in this study.

The objective of the current research work was to determine the anti inflammatory activity of Psidium guajava by the Human Red Blood Cell membranes stabilization method. The methanol and ethanol leaf extract of plant Psidium guajava were investigated for their invitro anti-inflammatory property by Human red blood cell membrane stabilization method. The prevention of hypotonocity induced HRBC membrane lysis was taken as a measure of a anti-inflammatory activity. The anti inflammatory activity of methanol and ethanol leaf extract of psidium guajava were compared to that of standard drug Diclofenac.

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, antiarthritic, and anti-inflammatory properties of extracts from the leaves of twelve different medicinal plants in Nepal. We then evaluated the total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents of the extract using in-vitro assays and characterized it using GC-MS analysis. Results revealed that most of the leaf extracts contained phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Few plants also showed the presence of glycosides, phytate, and vitamin C. Among the studied plants, Neolamarckia cadamba exhibited the highest total phenolic and tannin contents, as 241.53 ± 0.20 µg of gallic acid equivalent/mg and 74.48 ± 1.081 µg of tannic acid equivalent/mg, respectively. Ipomoea batatas exhibited the highest total flavonoid content, as 53.051 ± 1.11 µg of quercetin equivalent/mg. Moreover, Raphanus sativus demonstrated significant ferrous ion chelating, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and total antioxidant activities with IC50 value of 4.76 ± 0.68 µg/mL, 5.84 ± 0.14 µg/mL, 6.89 ± 0.16 µg/mL, and 8.99 ± 0.20 µg/mL, respectively. Similarly, Colocasia esculenta and Cicer arietinum exhibited the highest hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide scavenging activities, measuring IC50 value of 7.22 ± 0.56 µg/mL and 9.06 ± 0.10 µg/mL, respectively. Among all the extracts, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius displayed significant human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization activity (IC50 = 6.22 ± 0.78 µg/mL). Furthermore, Raphanus sativus, Chenopodium album, Cicer arietinum, and Murraya koenigii exhibited the highest inhibitory activities against protein denaturation with bovine serum albumin, antiarthritic, lipoxygenase inhibitory, and proteinase inhibitory, measuring IC50 of 7.48 ± 0.48 µg/mL, 9.44 ± 1.62 µg/mL, 14.67 ± 1.94 µg/mL, and 28.57 ± 2.39 µg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the twelve leaf extracts’ significant antioxidant, antiarthritic, and anti-inflammatory activities.

Pharmacological evaluation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of ethanolic extract of Indigofera argentea Burm. f.

Ficus palmata (F. palmata) is one of the prominent shrubs that has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential and belongs to the family Moraceae. The current study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of its aerial parts. The cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition activity and a human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stability assay were used to evaluate the in-vitro anti-inflammatory potential of F. palmata ethanolic extract. The in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the carrageenan-induced paw oedema test, and the analgesic potential by the tail-flick test, acetic acid-induced writhing models, hot plate test, and formalin-induced analgesia, along with measurement of the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in rat serum and histopathological findings. The extract showed in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes such as COX-2 at 89.54% and COX-1 at 72.07%, and HRBC membrane stability at 58.8% with 800 μg/mL. In-vivo studies, Fp. EtOH exhibited significant anti-inflammatory (carrageenan-induced paw oedema model), analgesic (hot plate test, tail-flick test, acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced analgesia) responses at the doses 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg. The result demonstrated that the Fp. EtOH at a dosage of 400 mg/kg body weight exhibited efficacy comparable to that of the diclofenac sodium (standard) treatments employed in these models. Histopathological examination of the left hind paw demonstrated that Fp. EtOH effectively reduced paw inflammation, inhibited pannus development and mitigated bone degradation comparable to that of diclofenac sodium. Measurement of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and pathological findings were also done. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of F. palmata was supported by results from both in-vitro and in-vivo studies. These findings suggest that F. palmata could be a promising candidate for further research as a natural remedy for inflammation and pain.

Membrane stabilization – A possible mechanism of action for the anti-inflammatory activity of a Bangladeshi medicinal plant: Erioglossum rubiginosum (Bara Harina)

Synthesis of novel 2, 3, 5-tri-substituted thiazoles with anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effect causing clinical pathogens

Objective: Pyrimidine heterocycles possessing hydroxy group has a unique place in medicinal chemistry and also plays a key role in biological processes. In the biological functions at cellular level pyrimidine plays imperative roles which lead the researchers to design a variety of its derivatives. The aim of the present study was to synthesize the novel set of 4-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)-6-(substituted aryl)-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-2-ol derivatives. These compounds were screened for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.&#x0D; Methods: A novel series of 4-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)-6-(substituted aryl)-1,6-dihydro pyrimidin-2-ol derivatives were furnished in two steps starting from 4-fluoro-3-methyl acetophenone through chalcone formation. Human red blood cell membrane stabilization method and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test were performed for screening in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, respectively. Tail-flick technique was performed for screening analgesic activity.&#x0D; Results: All the synthesized 4-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)-6-(substituted aryl)-1,6-dihydro pyrimidin-2-ol derivatives were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,1H nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy, and bases of elemental analysis. The result of biological screening revealed that many of the new derivatives were endowed with improved anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities.&#x0D; Conclusion: Nature of the substituent played a major role in anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. The pyrimidine derivative with chlorophenyl substitution exhibited potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. From the results, it was concluded that 6-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(4-fluoro-3- methyl phenyl)-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-2-ol was the most active compound.

Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of terpenes, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, phenolic acid, sterols, and glycosides. This study was intended to evaluate the antiinflammatory activity of various extracts of fresh leaves of Clerodendrum paniculatum Linn experimentally by in vitro (human red blood cell membrane stabilization method) and in vivo methods (0.1 ml of 1% w/v carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema model). Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, alcohol, and aqueous extracts were screened for in vitro antiinflammatory activity. Petroleum ether and chloroform extracts which showed, best in vitro antiinflammatory activity was screened for in vivo antiinflammatory activity at the dose level of 200 and 400 mg/kg. Indomethacin at the dose level of 10 mg/kg was used as reference standard drug. Both the extracts showed a dose dependent significant (P<0.001) reduction in paw edema when compared to the control, at all the time intervals and comparable to indomethacin (reference standard) treated group. The results of the present study demonstrate that petroleum ether and chloroform extracts possess significant (P<0.001) antiinflammatory potential which provide scientific basis for the traditional claims of Clerodendrum paniculatum Linn leaves as an antiinflammatory drug.