Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine a cost-effective diagnostic method for lumbar herniated disc with knee osteoarthritis (LHD-KOA) based on aberrant outcome measures, levels of biomarkers, and examination of the lower-extremity. Data were separately analyzed for each cohort suffering with LHD-KOA (n = 108; 59.82 ± 7.15 years) and without LHD-KOA (n = 108; 58.81 ± 7.61 years), and findings were confirmed with radiological images. The aberrant-leg-features (bilateral: knee gaps between the short head of biceps femoris and the surface of the bed, diameters of calves and thighs, angles of straight leg raising, knee-flexion and -extension in a supine position) and biochemical parameters (Interleukin-10, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein, creatine kinase-muscle, and Aldolase-A), and outcome measures, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index (WOMAC), knee-injury osteoarthritis outcomes scale (KOOS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), and body mass index (BMI)for participants with and without LHD-KOA were evaluated with appropriate techniques. All the subjects underwent standardized physical examination and completed a questionnaire. The risk ratios and mean ± standard deviations of biomarkers, anatomical features, and outcome measures of the experimental subjects were highly significant compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Results suggest that monitoring the studied aberrant outcome measures, biomarkers, and lower-anatomical features may be a cost-effective diagnostic tool for LHD-KOA. Further research is recommended for an alternative treatment protocol for LHD-KOA.
Highlights
In a previous study, the author established that there is a close relationship between degenerative changes in the lumbar region and bilateral knee osteoarthritis (KOA) [1]
ALHD is characterized by a problem with lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration whereby the nucleus pulposus, a gel-like substance, protrudes through a crack of the outer-wall of the round spongy cartilage called the intervertebral disc, resulting in the compression of a nearby nerve root and/or cauda equina causing inflammation, pain, numbness, or weakness in the leg leading to abnormal quality of life [8]
Oswestry disability index (ODI); and the percentage of increased obesity confirmed by body mass index (BMI) for combined-sex, female-only, and male-only patients of experimental groups were all highly significant (p < 0.0001), when compared with the subjects of control group (Figures 1–3)
Summary
The author established that there is a close relationship between degenerative changes in the lumbar region and bilateral knee osteoarthritis (KOA) [1]. The lumbar herniated disc (LHD) is the most common among different types of low back pain [2]. The slipped disc or lumbar herniated disc (LHD) usually occurs due to the compression of an existing nerve root, L4 or L5 at the. ALHD is characterized by a problem with lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration whereby the nucleus pulposus, a gel-like substance, protrudes through a crack of the outer-wall of the round spongy cartilage called the intervertebral disc, resulting in the compression of a nearby nerve root and/or cauda equina causing inflammation, pain, numbness, or weakness in the leg leading to abnormal quality of life [8]. Knee osteoarthritis is a painful knee joint degenerative disease characterized by muscle wasting, weakness, pain symptoms, inflammation, connective tissue damage, joint effusion, restricted movement of joints, and crepitus in the joints
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