Abstract
Studying groundwater quality in arid and semi-arid regions is essential significant because it is used as a foremost alternative source for various purposes (human and animal consumption, economic, agriculture and irrigation). Geographic Information System and Water Quality Index techniques were utilized for visualizing and evaluating the variations of groundwater quality in the studied area. Total twelve wells were sampled and twelve groundwater quality (chemical) parameters; pH, Total Alkalinity, Total Hardness (TH), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (Ec), Potassium (K), Nitrate (NO3), Sulfate (SO4), Chloride (Cl), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg) and Sodium (Na) were analyzed in the laboratory. Inverse Distance Weighted technique was used as a useful tool to create and anticipate spatial variation maps of the chemical parameters. Predicting or anticipating other areas not measured, identifying them and making use of them in the future without examining samples. The results of this research showed that 8.3% of the studied wells have excellent groundwater quality, and almost sampling wells about 75% found in good groundwater quality, while findings of groundwater quality of 16.7% studied wells belong to poor water quality due to standards of Water Quality Index. Moreover, spatial analysis in term of groundwater quality map showed that Excellent groundwater quality was detected in well 3, very good groundwater potential was noticed in six studied wells (wells 2, 6, 8, 10, 11 and 12), and other sampling wells (wells 4 and 7) were observed as good groundwater quality, while poor water quality was observed in wells (well 1 and 5). Hence, spatial distribution maps showed that the almost groundwater quality in the area about 1046.82 km² (99.04%) are suitable for drinking purpose, whereas proximate 10.18 km² (0.96%) are observed as poor water quality and inappropriate for consumptions especially in the southern part of the area.
Highlights
Water is one of the most significant natural resources for maintaining life and ecosystems on earth
The Findings show the spatial distribution maps of investigated groundwater quality based on the locations of samples or wells with regards to using the Inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation technique, (Table 1) and (Figs. 2 and 3)
The concentration values of the parameters are categorized based on the selected standards for consumption water. pH The IDW map showed in Fig. 2A which displays the spatial variation of PH value in the entire study area, and indicates that pH of all wells in the study area within the permissible range of selected standards, while the highest concentration of pH has distributed around well 1 and 12 in north and south parts of the area
Summary
Water is one of the most significant natural resources for maintaining life and ecosystems on earth. Water resources in term quality and quantity have been influenced and have become more serious scarce since the second half of the twenty century due to the rapid expansion of residential population, increasing demands, wide growth of irrigation, industrial, economical activities and climate change in arid and semi-arid areas (WHO, 2007; Hajalilou and Khaleghi, 2009; UNEP, 2009; Al-Ali and Hassan, 2017). It means that groundwater can be polluted by human activities and natural causes (Nelly and Mutua, 2016). The objectives of this study are evaluating and mapping the spatial distribution of groundwater quality of some wells in the Bardarash region with regards to chemical parameters of groundwater by using GIS and WQI and comparing it with the standards quality to detect the appropriateness of groundwater samples for various usages
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