Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 is one of the major fungal contaminants found in dairy products around the globe. The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence and occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in samples of milk and milk products in Yemen. The tested dairy product samples were collected from different sources for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in Yemen. A total of 250 local and imported samples consisting of 38 liquid milk, 60 powder milk, 62 yogurt, and 90 cheese samples which are marketed throughout Yemen were tested by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) along with a fluorescence detector and immunoaffinity column purification for detection of AFM1. High levels of AFM1 were detected in preserved milk (77.24%), ranging from 0.021 μg/L to 5.95 μg/L. On the other hand, AFM1 was detected in 66.66% and 68.42% in powdered milk and liquid milk samples, respectively. Among dairy products, 87.09% of yogurt and 81.39% of cheese samples were found contaminated with AFM1. The AMF1 values were higher than the acceptable range for humans set by the European Union. So, we concluded that dairy products used in Yemen showed an AFM1 content beyond the acceptable range, and this is a major factor for causing health-related complications including cancer. In the present study, we reported for the first time the presence of mycotoxins especially AFM1 in dairy products used in Yemen.
Highlights
Aflatoxins (AF) are highly carcinogenic toxins [1,2,3] produced by different groups of fungi, especially Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. ese two strains A. flavus and A. parasiticus produce different types of aflatoxins including aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 [4]
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), which is found in the milk of animals that have consumed feeds contaminated with AFB1, is the hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) [12,13,14] and it is excreted in urine and milk and transmits in dairy products, i.e., fresh and processed milk, cheese, and yogurt
We aimed to investigate aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in different types of dairy products marketed in Yemen. ese findings will provide a baseline for a detailed assessment of risks associated with AFM1 and can help the country to develop policies for protecting its population from healthassociated risks caused by AFM1
Summary
Aflatoxins (AF) are highly carcinogenic toxins [1,2,3] produced by different groups of fungi, especially Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. ese two strains A. flavus and A. parasiticus produce different types of aflatoxins including aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 [4]. Aflatoxins (AF) are highly carcinogenic toxins [1,2,3] produced by different groups of fungi, especially Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. A. parasiticus produces aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2, while A. flavus merely produces aflatoxin B1 and B2 [5, 6] Among these toxins, AFB1 is of great interest to livestock and dairy industry [7]. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), which is found in the milk of animals that have consumed feeds contaminated with AFB1, is the hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) [12,13,14] and it is excreted in urine and milk and transmits in dairy products, i.e., fresh and processed milk, cheese, and yogurt. Numerous studies have reported the high carcinogenic potential of AFM1 [14]; the International Cancer Research Association (IARC) has classified AFB1 as a Group 1 carcinogen while aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is classified as a Group 2B carcinogen [16]
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