Abstract
This study aims to reveal karst water trend change and the variation of affecting factors in the Heilongdong spring area due to long-term coal mining. In this study, five yearly recoded data over more than 40 years were collected, including underground water level dynamics, water flow, groundwater withdrawal for industrial and agricultural production and domestic production (groundwater withdrawal), mine drainage and rainfall. On that basis, we conducted linear regression, innovative trend analysis (ITA) and the Mann–Kendall method to quantitative analyze the trend and mutation sequence of the time series of environmental hydrological parameters in the study area. To determine the correlation of different affecting parameters under coal mining, as well as the trend of the correlation, we conducted multivariate linear regression analysis and exploited wavelet coherence. The results suggest: (1) under human influence, the annual value of underground water level in the Heilongdong spring area shows an insignificant decrease of 0.42 m/a; precipitation shows a significant downward trend of 2.34 mm/a, primarily the decrease of rainstorm; the spring flow shows a significant decrease of 9.41 × 106 m3/a, and springs with different flow show a significant decrease. (2) The abrupt changes of various factors affecting spring flow in the study area were successively delayed by rainfall, mine drainage rate, industrial and agricultural water consumption and underground water level. (3) Since the year of the start of dramatic changes, under the impact of increased manual mining and mine drainage, the amount of spring overflow has decreased, the groundwater level has decreased, and the groundwater dynamics have varied from meteorological type to meteorology-artificial type. Moreover, the factors affecting the dynamic changes of groundwater have been changed to rainfall and artificial mining and drainage. (4) As the results of Wavelet coherence analysis suggest, the spring flow resonates significantly with rainfall from the period of 3a to 15a. The correlation between the original spring flow and groundwater level is more obvious than that between the original spring flow and rainfall. The correlation between residual flow and groundwater level is less obvious than that between residual flow and rainfall. The above results provide a basis for comprehensively exploiting water resources in coal mining areas and regional groundwater resources protection measures.
Highlights
Karst water resources are a vital component of water resources and an important source of water for human production and life
One-fourth of the karst area on Earth is distributed in China, and one-half of the karst bare area is in the northern China [3,4]
In the 1990s, human exploitation and emission had reached above 95% of the karst water resources system in Heilongdong karst spring basin; 40% of the human exploitation and emission is attributed to mine drainage water through groundwater overdraft that happened in individual years, and springs have appeared several events of cutoff
Summary
Karst water resources are a vital component of water resources and an important source of water for human production and life. The Heilongdong karst spring basin has long acted as the significant water supply sources of industrial, agricultural production and life. Steel and industry and agriculture in the spring field have been advancing, human exploitation and emission has increased dramatically, and shortage of water resources has increased significantly [7]. In the 1990s, human exploitation and emission had reached above 95% of the karst water resources system in Heilongdong karst spring basin; 40% of the human exploitation and emission is attributed to mine drainage water through groundwater overdraft that happened in individual years, and springs have appeared several events of cutoff. The water level of regional groundwater dropped sharply, leading to the abandonment of wells, difficulties in water supply, ecological damage and other phenomena
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